\iffalse meta-comment

File l3sys-query-tool.tex Copyright (C) 2024 The LaTeX Project

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
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The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
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SOFTWARE.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

The development version of the bundle can be found at

   https://github.com/latex3/l3sys-query

for those people who are interested.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

\fi

\documentclass{l3doc}

\begin{document}

\title{The \pkg{l3sys-query} script: System queries for LaTeX using Lua}

\author{%
  The \LaTeX{} Project\thanks{%
    Email: \href{mailto:latex-team@latex-project.org}
      {latex-team@latex-project.org}%
  }%
}

\date{Release 2024-04-08}

\maketitle
\tableofcontents

\begin{documentation}

\section{Introduction}

\TeX{} engines provide only very limited access to information about the system
they are used on: using primitives, one can for example get the size of a single
file, but not a list of files in a given location. For most documents, this is
not an issue as they are self-contained. However, for cases where
\enquote{dynamic} construction of parts of a document is needed based on file
lists or other system-dependent data, methods to obtain this from (restricted)
shell escape are desirable.

Security considerations mean that directly querying the system shell is
problematic for general use. Instead, \emph{restricted} shell escape may be used
to get many details, provided a suitable tool is available to provide the
information in a platform-neutral and security-conscious way. The Java program
\texttt{texosquery}, written by Nicola Talbot, has been available for a number
of years to provide this facility. As well as file system insight,
\texttt{texosquery} also provides for example locale data and other system
information. However, the requirement for Java means that the script is not
automatically usable when a \TeX{} system is installed.

The \LaTeX{} team have therefore provided a Lua-based script,
\texttt{l3sys-query}, which conforms to the security requirements of \TeX{} Live
using Lua to obtain the system information. This means that it can be used
\enquote{out of the box} across platforms. The facilities provided by
\texttt{l3sys-query} are more limited than \texttt{texosquery}, partly as some
information is available in modern \TeX{} systems using primitives, and partly
as the aim of \texttt{l3sys-query} is to provide information where there are
defined use cases. Requests for additional data interfaces are welcome.

\section{The command line interface}

The command line interface to 
\begin{center}
  \ttfamily
  l3sys-query \meta{cmd} [\meta{option(s)}] [\meta{args}]
\end{center}
where \texttt{\meta{cmd}} can be one of the following:
\begin{itemize}[noitemsep]\ttfamily
  \item ls
  \item ls \meta{args}
  \item pwd
\end{itemize}
The \meta{cmd} are described below. The result of the \meta{cmd} will be printed
to the terminal in an interactive run; in normal usage, this will be piped to
the calling \TeX{} process. Results containing path separators \emph{always}
use~|/|, irrespective of the platform in use.

As well as these targets, the script recognizes the options
\begin{itemize}
  \item |--exclude| Specification for directory entries to exclude
  \item |--ignore-case| Ignores case when sorting directory listings
  \item |--pattern| (|-p|) Treat the \meta{args} as Lua patterns rather
    than converting from wildcards
  \item |--recursive| (|-r|) Enables recursive searching during directory
    listings
  \item |--reverse| Causes sorting to go from highest to lowest rather
    than lowest to highest
  \item |--sort| Sets the method used to sort entries returned by |ls|
  \item |--type| Selects the type of entry returned by |ls|
\end{itemize}
The action of these options on the appropriate \meta{cmd(s)} is detailed below.

\subsection{\texttt{ls [\meta{args}]}}

Lists the contents of one or more directories, in a manner somewhat reminiscent
of the Unix command |ls| or the Windows command |dir|. The exact nature of the
output will depend on the \meta{args}, if given, along with the prevailing
options. Note that the options names are inspired by ideas from the Unix
commands |ls| and |find| as well as the Windows command |dir|: they therefore do
not map directly to those of any one of the command line tools that they
somewhat mirror.

When no \meta{args} are given, all entries in the current directory will be
listed, one per line in the output. This will include both files and
subdirectories. Each entry will include a path relative to the current
directory: for files \emph{in} the current directory, this will be |./|. The
order of results will be determined by the underlying operating system process:
unless requested \emph{via} an option, no sorting takes place.

As standard, the \meta{args} are treated as a file/path name potentially
including |?| and |*| as wildcards, for example |*.png| or |file?.txt|.
\begin{verbatim}
  l3sys-query ls '*.png'
\end{verbatim}
Some care is needed in preventing expansion of such wildcards by the shell or
\texttt{texlua} process: these are detailed in Section~\ref{sec:wildcard}. In
this section, |'| is used to indicate a character being used to suppress
expansion: this is for example normal on macOS and Linux.

Removal of entries from the listing can be achieved using the |--exclude|
option, which should be given with a \meta{xarg}, for example
\begin{verbatim}
  l3sys-query ls --exclude '*.bak' 'graphics/*'
\end{verbatim}
Directory entries starting |.| are traditionally hidden on Linux and macOS
systems: these \enquote{dot} entries are excluded from the output of
\texttt{l3sys-query}. The entries |.| and |..| for the current and parent
directory are also excluded from the results returned by \texttt{l3sys-query} as
they can always be assumed.

For more complex matching, the \meta{args} can be treated as a Lua pattern using
the |--pattern| (|-p|) option; this also applies to the \meta{xarg} argument to
the |--exclude| option. For example, the equivalent to wildcard |*.png| could be
obtained using
\begin{verbatim}
  l3sys-query ls --pattern '^.*%.png$'
\end{verbatim}

The results returned by |ls| can be sorted using the |--sort| option. This can
be set to |none| (use the order from the file system: the default), |name| (sort
by file name) or |date| (sort by date last modified). The sorting order can be
reversed using |--reverse|. Sorting normally takes account of case: this can be
suppressed with the |--ignore-case| option.

The listing can be filtered based on the type of entry using the |--type|
option. This takes a string argument, one of |d| (directory) or |f| (file).

As standard, only the path specified as part of the \meta{args} is queried.
However, if the |--recursive| (|-r|) option is set, the query is applied within
all subdirectories. Subdirectories starting with~|.| (macOS and Linux hidden)
are excluded from recursion.

For security reasons, only paths within the current working directory can be
queried, this for example |graphics/*.png| will list all |png| files in the
|graphics| subdirectory, but |../graphics/*.png| will yield no output.

\subsection{\texttt{pwd}}

Returns the absolute path to the current working directory from which
\texttt{l3sys-query} is run. From within a \TeX{} run, this will (usually) be
the directory containing the main file, assuming a command such as
\begin{verbatim}
  pdflatex main.tex
\end{verbatim}
The \texttt{pwd} command is unaffected by any options.

\section{Spaces in arguments}

Since \texttt{l3sys-query} is intended primarily for use with restricted shell
escape calls from \TeX{} processes, handling of spaces is unusual. It is not
possible to quote spaces in such a call, so for example whilst
\begin{verbatim}
  l3sys-query ls "foo *"
\end{verbatim}
does work from the command prompt to find all files with names starting
\verb*|foo |, it would not work \emph{via} restricted shell escape. To
circumvent this, \texttt{l3sys-query} will collect all command line arguments
after any \meta{options}, and combine these as a space-separated \meta{args},
for example allowing
\begin{verbatim}
  l3sys-query ls foo '*'
\end{verbatim}
to achieve the same result as the first example. The result is that the
\meta{args} will only every be interpreted by \texttt{l3sys-query} as a single
argument. It also means that spaces cannot be used at the start or end of the
argument, nor can multiple spaces appear between non-space arguments.

\section{Wildcard expansion handling\label{sec:wildcard}}

The handling of wildcards needs some further comment for those using
\texttt{l3sys-query} from the command line: the \pkg{expl3} interface described
in Section~\ref{sec:expl3} handles this aspect automatically for the user.

On macOS and Linux, the shell normally expands globs, which include the
wildcards |*| and |?|, before passing arguments to the appropriate command.
This can be suppressed by surrounding the argument with |'| characters, hence
the formulation
\begin{verbatim}
  l3sys-query ls '*.png'
\end{verbatim}
earlier.

On Windows, the shell does no expansion, and thus arguments are passed as-is to
the relevant command. As such, |'| has no special meaning here. However, to
allow quoting of wildcards from the shell in a platform-neutral manner,
\texttt{l3sys-query} will strip exactly one set of |'| characters around each
argument before further processing.

It is not possible to use |"| quotes at all in the argument passed to
\texttt{l3sys-query} from \TeX{}, as the \TeX{} system removes all |"| in
|\input| while handling space quoting.

Restricted shell escape prevents shell expansion of wildcards entirely. On
non-Windows systems, it does this by ensuring that each argument is |'| quoted
to ensure further expansion. Thus a \TeX{} call such as
\begin{verbatim}
  \input|"l3sys-query ls '*.png'"
\end{verbatim}
will work if |--shell-escape| is used as the argument is passed directly to the
shell, but in restricted shell escape will give an error such as:
\begin{verbatim}
! I can't find file `"|l3sys-query ls '*.png'"'.
\end{verbatim}
The \LaTeX{} interfaces described below adust the quoting used depending on the
|shell-escape| status.

\section{The \LaTeX{} interface\label{sec:expl3}}

Using \texttt{l3sys-query} is not tied to access \emph{via} \pkg{expl3}, but
this is the preferred approach for the \LaTeX{} Team. Details of how to use
\texttt{l3sys-query} as an \pkg{expl3} programmer are covered in
\texttt{interface3.pdf}. A document level interface is also be provided via a
\pkg{l3sys-query} package which is based on the \pkg{expl3} interface; it is
described in \texttt{l3sys-query.pdf}.

\end{documentation}

\PrintIndex

\end{document}