1 BIBTEX DInvokes the BibTeX utility to compile a bibliography file for LaTeX.FFull details can be found in "LaTeX: A Document Preparation System" byDLeslie Lamport, supplemented by information in the "LaTeX User Guide>for the VAXen at RMCS", copies of which are available from theComputer Centre. Format: BIBTEX bibliography_file_spec) Acknowledgement: ' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FThe vast majority of this help file was taken from the original BibTeXAdocumentation. This documentation has since become Appendix B of '"LaTeX: A Document Preparation System". 2 Parametersbibliography_file_specFSpecifies the name of the bibliography database file to be compiled byFBibTeX. If the file specification does not include a file type, BibTeXassumes a default type of BIB. 2 Bibliography_fileAA bibliography database file may contains two types of entry - an;abbreviation definition or a reference entry for citation. 3 @STRING_commandEThe @STRING command is used to define abbreviations for use by BibTeX3within the bibliography database file. The command 6 @string{jgg1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}Fdefines 'jgg1' to be the abbreviation for the string "Journal of GnatsFand Gnus, Series~1". Parentheses can be used in place of the outermostDbraces in the @string command, and braces can be used instead of the5quotation marks. The text must have matching braces. CThe case of letters is ignored in an abbreviation as well as in theDcommand name @string, so the command above could have been written: 6 @STRING{JgG1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}DA @string command can appear anywhere before or between entries in aCbibliography database file. However, it must come before any use ofDthe abbreviation, so a sensible place for @string commands is at theEbeginning of the file. A @string command in the bibliography database@file takes precedence over a definition made by the bibliographyDstyle, so it can be used to change the definition of an abbreviationsuch as 'Feb'. 3 Entry_formatCA bibliography database file contains a series of reference entrieslike the following: @BOOK{kn:gnus," AUTHOR = "Donald E. Knudson",( TITLE = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",$ PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press}, ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk} }BThe @BOOK states that this is an entry of type book. various entryDtypes are described below. The 'kn:gnus' is the citation key, as itDappears in the argument of a \cite command referring to the entry. >This entry has four fields, named AUTHOR, TITLE, PUBLISHER andFADDRESS. The meanings of these and other fields are described below. A@field consists of the name, an '=' character with optional spaceCaround it, followed by its text. The text of a field is a string ofDcharacters, with no unmatched braces, surrounded by either a pair ofDbraces or a pair of '"' characters . Entry fields are separated fromCone another, and from the citation key, by commas. A comma may haveoptional space around it. FThe outermost braces that surround the entire entry may be replaced byFparentheses. As in TeX input files, an end-of-line character counts asFa space and one space is equivalent to many spaces. Unlike TeX, BibTeXEignores the case of letters in the entry type, citation key and field9names. The above entry could have been typed as follows: - @BOOK(kn:gnus, author = {Donald E. Knudson}, TITLE = "1966 World Gnus  Almanac",$ PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press}, ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk} )FHowever, the case of letters does matter to LaTeX, so the citation keyAshould appear exactly the same in all \cite commands in the LaTeX input file. FThe quotes or braces can be omitted around text consisting entirely of3numerals. the following two fields are equivalent:  Volume = "27" Volume = 27 3 Entry_typesAWhen entering a reference in the bibliography database, the firstDthing to decide is what type of entry it is. No fixed classificationAscheme can be complete, but BibTeX provides enough entry types to-handle almost any reference reasonably well. ?References to different types of publications contain differentBinformation; a reference to a journal might include the volume andBnumber of the journal, which is usually not meaningful for a book.ETherefore, database entries of different types have different fields.@for each entry type, the fields are divided into three classes: o Required: omitting the field will produce an error message and may9 result in a badly formatted bibliography entry. If the 8 required information is not meaningful, you are using  the wrong entry type. o Optional : the field's information will be used if present, but can8 be omitted without causing any formatting problems. A : reference should contain any available information that < might help the reader, so you should include the optional  field if it is applicable. o Ignored 9 the field is ignored. BibTeX ignores any field that is : not required or optional, so you can include any fields ; you want in a bibliography entry. It's often a good idea ; to put all relevant information about a reference in its 6 bibliography entry - even information that may never: appear in the bibliography. For example, if you want to < keep an abstract of a paper in a computer file, put it in 9 an 'abstract' field in the paper's bibliography entry. ; The bibliography database file is likely to be as good a 7 place as any for the abstract, and it is possible to 3 design a bibliography style for printing selected abstracts. 4 article_entry'An article from a journal or magazine. 'Format: @ARTICLE{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }-Required fields: author, title, journal, year8Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note, key 4 book_entry"A book with an explicit publisher.$Format: @BOOK{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }9Required fields: author or editor, title, publisher, yearCOptional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key4 booklet_entry?A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisheror sponsoring institution.'Format: @BOOKLET{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }Required fields: titleGOptional fields: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key 4 conference_entryFAn article in the proceedings of a conference. This entry is identicalCto the 'inproceedings' entry and is included for compatibility with another text formatting system. *Format: @CONFERENCE{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }0Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year AOptional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address,! month, note, key4 inbook_entryAA part of a book, which may be a chapter and/or a range of pages.&Format: @INBOOK{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }?Required fields: author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages, publisher, yearCOptional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key4 incollection_entry$A part of a book with its own title.,Format: @INCOLLECTION{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }/Required fields: author, title, booktitle, yearAOptional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address,! month, note, key4 inproceedings_entry.An article in the proceedings of a conference.-Format: @INPROCEEDINGS{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }/Required fields: author, title, booktitle, yearAOptional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address,! month, note, key4 manual_entryTechnical documentation.&Format: @MANUAL{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }Required fields: title?Optional fields: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note, key4 mastersthesis_entryA Master's thesis.-Format: @MASTERSTHESIS{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] },Required fields: author, title, school, year*Optional fields: address, month, note, key 4 misc_entry2Use this type when nothing else seems appropriate.$Format: @MISC{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }Required fields: none EOptional fields: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key 4 phdthesis_entry A PhD thesis.)Format: @PHDTHESIS{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] },Required fields: author, title, school, year*Optional fields: address, month, note, key4 proceedings_entry The proceedings of a conference.+Format: @PROCEEDINGS{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }Required fields: title, yearHOptional fields: editor, publisher, organization, address, month, note,  key4 techreport_entryEA report published by a school or other institution, usually numberedwithin a series.*Format: @TECHREPORT{citation_key,< required_fields [, optional_fields] }1Required fields: author, title, institution, yearl8Optional fields: type, number, address, month, note, key4 unpublished_entry AA document with an author and title, but not formally published. +Format: @UNPUBLISHED{citation_key,"= required_fields [, optional_fields] } o$Required fields: author, title, note!Optional fields: month, year, key 3 Field_textFThe text of the field is enclosed in braces or double quote charactersEA part of the text is said to be enclosed in braces if it lies insidepBa matching pair of braces other than the ones enclosing the entire entry or the entire field text. 4 NamesaFThe text of an author or editor field represents a list of names. TheFbibliography style determines the format in which the name is printed:Dwhether the first name or last name appears first, if the full firstCname or just the first initial is used, etc. The bibliography filer,entry simply tells BibTeX what the name is. BYou should type an author's complete name and let the bibliographyFstyle decide what to abbreviate. (But an author's complete name may beD"Donald~E. Knuth" or even "J.~P.~Morgan"; you should type it the way6the author would like it to appear, if that's known.) FMost names can be entered in the obvious way, either with or without a$comma, as in the following examples.2 "John Paul Jones" "Jones, John Paul"7 "Ludwig von Beethoven" "von Beethoven, Ludwig"i>Some people have multiple last names - for example, Per BrinchEHansen's last name is Brinch~Hansen. His name should be typed with acomma:  "Brinch Hansen, Per"DTo understand why, you must understand how BibTeX handles names (for1what follows, a "name" corresponds to a person). EEach name consists of four parts: First, von, Last, and~Jr; each partCconsists of a (possibly empty) list of name-tokens. For example theFFirst part of Per Brinch~Hansen's name has the single token "Per"; theFLast part has two, "Brinch" and "Hansen"; and the von and Jr parts areempty. If you had typed  "Per Brinch Hansen"Binstead, BibTeX would erroneously think "Brinch" were a First-partBtoken, just as "Paul" is a First-part token in "John~Paul Jones". Here's another example:8 "Charles Louis Xavier Joseph de la Vallee Poussin"DThis name has four tokens in the First part, two in the von, and two@in the Last. Here BibTeX knows where one part ends and the other?begins because the tokens in the von part begin with lower-case letters. FIf you want BibTeX to consider something a single token, enclose it inGbraces. You should do this, for example, if a comma is part of a name: "{Barnes and Noble, Inc.}"" "{Barnes and} {Noble, Inc.}"& "{Barnes} {and} {Noble,} {Inc.}"FThe braces surrounding the comma keep "Inc." from being interpreted asDa First token; this name has only a Last part, with either one, two,Bor four tokens (there must be a space separating the tokens in theBsecond and third forms). Probably the second form is slightly moreDmeaningful, but don't lose sleep over this since only rarely will an$institution be an author or editor. So the two names9 "von Beethoven, Ludwig" "{von Beethoven}, Ludwig">are considered by BibTeX to be different names. In the first,F"Beethoven" is the Last part and "von" is the von part; in the second,Fwhich in this case happens to be incorrect, the Last part has a singleCtoken and there's no von part. The bibliography style will probably:print both the same, but it may alphabetize and label them differently. D"Juniors" pose a special problem. Most people having "Jr." in their?name precede it with a comma. Such a name should be entered as follows:  "Ford, Jr., Henry"=However, a few people do not use a comma. They are handled by9considering the "Jr." to be part of the last Last token: 8 "{Steele Jr.}, Guy L." "Guy L. {Steele Jr.}"This name has no Jr part.8To summarize, you may type a name in one of three forms: "First von Last" "von Last, First" "von Last, Jr, First"AYou may almost always use the first form; you shouldn't if eitherEthere's a Jr part or the Last part has multiple tokens but there's no von part. =If there are multiple authors or editors, their names must beBseparated by the word "and", surrounded by spaces, not enclosed inbraces: > AUTHOR = "Ralph Alpher and Bethe, Hans and George Gamow"FSince BibTeX interprets commas as separating parts of a name and "and"Aas separating names themselves, this example has three coauthors:ERalph Alpher, Hans Bethe, and George Gamow. If the word "and" appearsFas part of a name, it must be enclosed in braces, as in the example ofC"Barnes and Noble,~Inc." given above. If you have too many names toElist in a field, you can end the list with "and others"; the standard(styles appropriately append an "et al." ABibTeX's rules are actually a bit more complicated than indicated8here, but this description will suffice for most names. 4 Titles;The bibliography style determines whether or not a title isCcapitalized; the titles of books usually are, the title of articlesCusually are not. You type a title the way it should appear if it is>capitalized (you should capitalize everything but articles andBunstressed conjunctions and prepositions, and even these should be;capitalized as the first word or the first after a colon): + TITLE = "The Agony and the Ecstasy"ABibTeX will change uppercase letters to lowercase if appropriate.DUppercase letters that should not be changed are enclosed in braces.EThe following two titles are equivalent; the "A" of "Africa" will notbe made lowercase. & "The Gnats and Gnus of {Africa}"& "The Gnats and Gnus of {A}frica"4 Abbreviations>Instead of an ordinary text string, the text of a field can beBreplaced by an abbreviation for it. An abbreviation is a string ofDcharacters that starts with a letter and does not contain a space or%any of the following ten characters:  " # % ' ( ) , = { }GThe abbreviation is typed in place of the text field, with no braces or2quotation marks. If 'jgg1' is an abbreviation for $ Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"then the following are equivalent: JOURNAL = jgg10 JOURNAL = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"BSome abbreviations are predefined by the bibliography style. TheseCalways include the usual 3 letter abbreviations for the month: jan,feb, mar etc. BBibliography styles usually contain abbreviations for the names ofCcommonly referenced journals. Consult the Local Guide for a list ofDthe predefined abbreviations for the bibliography styles available. HYou can define your own abbreviations by using BibTeX's @STRING command. 3 Field_typesEBelow is a list of all fields recognized by the standard bibliographyDstyles. An entry can also contain other fields, which are ignored bythose styles. 4 address_field CPublisher's address. For major publishing houses, just the city isCgiven. For small publishers, you can help the reader by giving thecomplete address. $Format: ADDRESS = field_text4 annote_field EAn annotation, used only for annotated bibliography styles (which arenot among the standard ones). #Format: ANNOTE = field_text4 author_field The name(s) of the author(s). #Format: AUTHOR = field_text4 booktitle_field /Title of a book, part of which is being cited. &Format: BOOKTITLE = field_text4 chapter_field A chapter number.$Format: CHAPTER = field_text4 edition_field .The edition of a book - for example, "second".$Format: EDITION = field_text4 editor_field CName(s) of editor(s). If there is also an "author" field, then theF"editor" field gives the editor of the book or collection in which thereference appears. #Format: EDITOR = field_text4 howpublished_field t)How something strange has been published.g)Format: HOWPUBLISHED = field_textn4 institution_field (The institution that published the work.(Format: INSTITUTION = field_text4 journal_field EA journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals; see the Local Guide. i$Format: JOURNAL = field_text 4 key_field AUsed for alphabetizing and creating a label when the "author" andsC"editor" fields are missing. This field should not be confused with=the citation key that appears in the \cite command and at thenbeginning of the entry. Format: KEY = field_text4 month_field FThe month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished work,in which it was written. i"Format: MONTH = field_text 4 note_field ,5Any additional information that can help the reader. r!Format: NOTE = field_textn4 number_field eFThe number of a journal, magazine, or technical report. An issue of aCjournal or magazine is usually identified by its volume and number;eBthe organization that issues a technical report usually gives it anumber. #Format: NUMBER = field_textr4 organization_field a)The organization sponsoring a conference.e)Format: ORGANIZATION = field_texts4 pages_field FA page number or range of numbers such as "42--111"; you may also haveAseveral of these, separating them with commas: "7,41,73--97". Thel3standard styles convert a single dash to a double. t"Format: PAGES = field_text4 publisher_field The publisher's name. &Format: PUBLISHER = field_text4 school_field t2The name of the school where a thesis was written.#Format: SCHOOL = field_texte4 series_field uEThe name of a series or set of books. When citing an entire book, thenFthe "title" field gives its title and an optional "series" field gives5the name of a series in which the book is published. n#Format: SERIES = field_text 4 title_field The work's title.l"Format: TITLE = field_text 4 type_field a>The type of a technical report - for example, "Research Note".!Format: TYPE = field_textn4 volume_field t1The volume of a journal or multivolume book work.e#Format: VOLUME = field_textn 4 year_field DThe year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it was9written. This field's text should contain only numerals. o!Format: YEAR = field_textn