1 LaTeX C LaTeX is a computer program for generating many kinds of printed E documents. You type in your text and some commands to say how you . want it formatted, and LaTeX does the rest.  Format:  LATEX [/qualifiers] input-file  2 Commands  F A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \ = followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single F non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional 7 while arguments contained in braces {} are required.  D NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case . unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.  3 Counters  E Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. H The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or G command that produces the number, except with no \. Below is a list C of the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control numbering.  8 part part figure enumi 9 chapter subparagraph table enumii : section page footnote enumiii 9 subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv  subsubsection   4 \addtocounter  " \addtocounter {counter} {value}  A The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount H specified by the value argument. The value argument can be negative.  4 \alph   \alph {counter}  @ This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in > alphabetic characters. The \alph command causes lower case C alphabetic characters, e.g. a, b, c... while the \Alph command < causes upper case alphabetic characters, e.g. A, B, C...  4 \arabic   \arabic {counter}  G The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in  arabic numbers, e.g. 3.  4 \fnsymbol   \fnsymbol {counter}  F The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed H in a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering footnotes.  4 \newcounter   \newcounter {foo} [counter]  @ The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The A optional argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset F whenever the counter named in the optional argument is incremented.  4 \roman   \roman {counter}  F This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman G numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, e.g. B i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman numerals, e.g. I, II, III...  4 \setcounter  \setcounter {counter} {value}  @ The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that # specified by the value argument.  4 \usecounter   \usecounter {counter}  E The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list F environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the  list items.  4 \value   \value {counter}  D The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the H mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or H number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter  command, or in  ! \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}  3 It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.  3 Cross_References  C One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to C refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."  4 \label   \label{key}  E A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the H number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered . environment assings that number to the key.  G A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation ; characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different.  4 \pageref   \pageref{key}  D The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the 7 text where the corresponding \label command appears.  4 \ref  \ref{key}  G The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation 4 number, ... of the corresponding \label command.  3 Definitions   4 \newcommand   \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def} \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}  1 These commands define (or redefine) a command.  H - cmd: A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must ? not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for 0 \renewcommand it must already be defined.  H - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of D the command being defined. The default is for the command to  have no arguments.  F - def: The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a E parameter of the form n in cmd is replaced by the text of the 7 nth argument when this substitution takes place.   4 \newenvironment  - \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} / \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}  4 These commands define or redefine an environment.  D - nam: The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there E must be no currently defined environment by that name, and the A command \nam must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the + environment must already be defined.  H - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of C the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.  < - begdef: The text substituted for every occurrence of E \begin{name}; a parameter of the form n in cmd is replaced by G the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.  G - enddef: The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}. 1 It may notcontain any argument parameters.   4 \newtheorem  ) \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within] 0 \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}  3 This command defines a theorem-like environment.  E - env_name: The name of the environment -- a string of letters. B Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.  F - caption: The text printed at the beginning of the environment,  right before the number.  D - within: The name of an already defined counter, usually of a E sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem ) counter within the sectional unit.  B - numbered_like: The name of an already defined theorem-like  environment.   B The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.  4 \newfont   \newfont{cmd}{font_name}  H Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to C be a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the  current font.  3 Document_Styles  ' Valid LaTeX document styles include:   o article  o report  o ioc  o letter  o milstd   o bookform   0 They are selected with the following command:  # \documentstyle [options] {style}  , The options for the different styles are:  E 1. article: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acm  H 2. report: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acm  - 3. letter: 11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno, acm  ? 4. ioc: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno  B 5. milstd: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno  D 6. bookform: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno   C If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma.  4 \flushbottom  E The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, C adding extra veritcal space when necessary to fill out the page.  4 \onecolumn  < The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces  single-column output.  4 \raggedbottom o G The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the text 3 on that page. No extra vertical space is added. n 4 \twocolumn  G The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output.  3 Environments F LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. 7 Each environment begins and ends in the same manner. l " \begin{environment-name} . . w . s \end{environment-name}  4 array T ! \begin{array}{col1col2...coln} : column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\  .  .  .  \end{array}  H Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single H mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment H within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that 3 tells how items in that row should be formatted.   - c for centered   - l for flushleft   - r for flushright i  H Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include G other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with  a \\.  4 center   \begin{center}  Text on line 1 \\  Text on line 2 \\  .  .  .  \end{center} c H The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of C lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the 9 current page. Each line must be terminated with a \\.  5 \centering  @ This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This F declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a H parbox. The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by G putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table a environment. r G Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start \H a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. D To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration F must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like ' quote) that ends the paragraph unit. e 4 description n  \begin{description}  \item [label] First item o \item [label] Second item  .  .  .  \end{description}  H The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label " is bold face and flushed right.  4 documentlist   \begin{documentlist} < \item[Title \\ subtitle \\ subtitle] Document description < \item[Title \\ subtitle \\ subtitle] Document description  .  .  .  \end{documentlist}  F The documentlist environment is used to produce a list of documents D where the title of the document is formatted as one stack and the D description is formatted as another stack. These stacks are then H placed side by side with the tops of the stacks alined. For example,  % MIL-STD-490 The Preparation of o) Notice 2 Military Specifications  4 enumerate   \begin{enumerate}  \item First item \ \item Second item  .  .  .  \end{enumerate}  H The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can G be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also 8 be nested within other paragraph-making environments.  G Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There e= must be at least one \item command within the environment. q 4 eqnarray   \begin{eqnarray} , math formula 1 \\  math formula 2 \\  .  .  .  \end{eqnarray}  F The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations > or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array E environment, with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive cF items within a row separated by an &. An equation number is placed : on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command.  4 equation   \begin{equation} a math formula  \end{equation} r H The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places + the equation number in the right margin. \ 4 figure   \begin{figure}[placement]   body of the figure   \caption{figure title}  \end{figure}  D Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are C usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. r/ Figures will not be split between two pages. n G The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to eE place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly a put a float:  > - h: Here - at the position in the text where the figure  environment appears. i + - t: Top - at the top of a text page.  1 - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. b E - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page ' containing no text, only floats.   H The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp.   F The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, A etc. you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your e figure.  4 flushleft m  \begin{flushleft}  Text on line 1 \\  Text on line 2 \\  .  .  .  \end{flushleft}  H The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting E of lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line a must be terminated with a \\.  5 \raggedright  C This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This nF declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.  F Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not G start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph e@ units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the A declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an o8 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.  4 flushright   \begin{flushright}  Text on line 1 \\  Text on line 2 \\  .  .  .  \end{flushright} a > The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph G consisting of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. t* Each line must be terminated with a \\.  5 \raggedleft f D This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This F declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.  F Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not G start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph @ units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the A declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an n8 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.  4 itemize e  \begin{itemize}  \item First item m \item Second item  .  .  .  \end{itemize}  F The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can G be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also 8 be nested within other paragraph-making environments.  E Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There f= must be at least one \item command within the environment. t 4 list   \begin{list}{label}{spacing} m \item First item  \item Second item  .  .  . \end{list} m D The {label} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This D argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the A label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX f commands.  A The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing oH parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e. E {}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for s most cases.  4 minipage  & \begin{minipage} [position] {width}  text  \end{minipage}  F The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes D the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. E You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage. v C Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is rE particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A nH \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of E the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the ? mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter.  @ NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using C footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. . 4 picture  3 \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) a .  picture commands  .  \end{picture}  F The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of D picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You D tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their G coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point hD and a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate H specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if H \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a G length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength F anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange things E will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment.  H A positionis a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), which specifies H the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are A specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is nF normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a E position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the - parentheses serve to delimit the argument. t A The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a aD position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment F produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this # argument's x- and y-coordinates. a B The picture environment also has an optional position argument, D following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike H ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square F brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point C at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the eA origin). For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the t command  " \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)  = produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 F millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose G upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first C draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the D origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your H picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.  F The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of D the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture D really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the H picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by 4 TeX in determining how much room to leave for it.  E Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command.  The command   \put (11.3,-.3){ ... } e H puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its reference E point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various e# objects will be described below. l H The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text F argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an E \mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point b, will be the lower left corner of the box.  5 \circle   \circle[*]{diameter}  G The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If tA the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. e 5 \dashbox  . \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ... }  G The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each ? dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are o multiples of the dash length.  5 \frame   \frame{ ... } i @ The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object E specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left lH corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object.  5 \framebox  , \framebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }  > The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command.  5 \line  ! \line(x slope,y slope){length} b D The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.  5 \linethickness   \linethickness{dimension}  G Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture pD environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It E does not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the A quarter circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval. l 5 \makebox  + \makebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }  E The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the tC normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and f& height in multiples of \unitlength.  F The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your ? text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: s 5 - t: Moves the item to the top of the rectangle  ' - b: Moves the item to the bottom \ % - l: Moves the item to the left w & - r: Moves the item to the right   5 \multiput s H \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}  B The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same 0 object in a regular pattern across a picture.  5 \oval i  \oval(width,height)[portion]  D The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The G optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. l " - t: Selects the top portion  % - b: Selects the bottom portion a $ - r: Selects the right portion  # - l: Selects the left portion u  5 \put  \put(x coord,y coord){ ... }  G The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument s at the given coordinates.  5 \shortstack t - \shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...} a B The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid  positions are:  6 - r: Moves the objects to the right of the stack  5 - l: Moves the objects to the left of the stack i A - c: Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default) \  5 \vector . # \vector(x slope,y slope){length} e B The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified D length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. i 4 quotation a  \begin{quotation}  text  \end{quotation}  H The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and A the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is sG paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a  new paragraph.  4 quote g  \begin{quote}  text  \end{quote}  H The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the G right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line d) between text produces a new paragraph. c 4 tabbing   \begin{tabbing} 7 text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\  second row \> \> more \\  .  .  .  \end{tabbing}  G The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It oE works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do n with an ordinary typewriter. . 5 \=  % The \= command sets the tab stops. m 5 \>   >The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.  5 \<  F The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local & margin without changing the margin.  5 \+  ? The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the o0 following commands one tab stop to the right.  5 \-  ? The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the e/ following commands one tab stop to the left.  5 \'  C The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far n the hH current column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \', C \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush ) against the current column's tab stop. n 5 \`  F The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab H stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right H of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command D moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} A command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing hE environment. There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and h" the command that ends the line.  5 \kill 5 H The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text. H It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line F instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- * commands in that line remain in effect.  4 table t  \begin{table}[placement] d  body of the table t  \caption{table title}  \end{table}  C Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are C usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. . Tables will not be split between two pages.  G The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to yH place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: n = - h: Here - at the position in the text where the table d environment appears. d + - t: Top - at the top of a text page. a 1 - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. e E - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page a' containing no text, only floats. i  H The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp.  E The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, iH etc. you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table.  4 tabular t  \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} e: column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\  .  .  .  \end{tabular}   or  % \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} p: column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\  .  .  .  \end{tabular*}  G These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of C items,aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional l arguments consist of:  F o width: Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There H must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out  the specified width. t G o pos: Specified the vertical postionion; default is alignment on m% the center of the environment. n  - t - align on top row  " - b - align on bottom row   @ o cols: Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a A sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the i4 sequence of columns and intercolumn material.  . - l - A column of left-aligned items.  / - r - A column of right-aligned items.  * - c - A column of centered items.  ? - | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the  environment. a E - @{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expression nE suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between TG columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the tH adjacent items must be included in text. An \extracolsep{wd} G command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd aA to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until dA countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike l> ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not F suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can @ be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.  G - p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox tF of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd} H command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in D the following situations: (i) inside an environment like H minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox, B or (iii) in the scope of a \centering, \raggedrigth, or H \raggedleft declaration. The latter declarations must appear B inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column  element. s H - *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is 7 any positive integer and cols is any list of aE column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.    5 \cline   \cline {i-j}  ? The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns ' specified in the mandatory argument.  5 \hline  B The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the E table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, t% and between the rows of the table.  5 \multicolumn  # \multicolumn {cols} {pos} {text} s H The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns. F The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns > to span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the B formatting of the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for G flushright. The third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text e is to make up the entry. t 5 \vline  B The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full F height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move A the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an r @-expression.  4 thebibliography o ( \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}  \bibitem[label]{cite_key}  .  .  .  \end{thebibliography}  G The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference \> list. In the article style, this reference list is labeled C "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography".  G o widest-label: Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide MB as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands.   5 \bibitem   \bibitem[label]{cite_key}  D The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the G label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using .H the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, G and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes E an entry on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label. B When this aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, the E item's label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to ? cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label. e 5 \cite t  \cite[text]{key_list}  B The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command F generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the : keys in key_list by entries on the aux file read by the  \begin{document} command.  5 \nocite   \nocite{key_list}  H The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a 6 list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file.  4 theorem t  \begin{theorem}  theorem text  \end{theorem}  G The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by s your theorem text.  4 titlepage d  \begin{titlepage}  text  \end{titlepage}  G The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no lH printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to H be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The 1 \today command comes in handy for title pages.  4 verbatim   \begin{verbatim} n text  \end{verbatim} a G The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets tB LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a E typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect t# that they would on a typewriter. l 5 \verb t < \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text char  G Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters bD and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no G space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for tA clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed.  4 verse t  \begin{verse}  text  \end{verse}  D The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find  other uses for it.  3 Footnotes  F Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced F with one command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced G with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands. cD See the specific command for information on why you would use one  over the other.  4 \footnote   \footnote [number] {text}  H The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom B of the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to H change the default footnote number. This command can only be used in  outer paragraph mode.  4 \footnotemark  H The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This @ command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the 5 footnote is supplied by the \footnotetext command. a 4 \footnotetext p \footnotetext [number] {text}  B The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the @ bottom of the page. This command can come anywhere after the C \footnotemark command. The \footnotetext command must appear in c outer paragraph mode.  H The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number.  3 IOCs  A You can use LaTeX to typeset IOCs. The ioc style has the same a, optional parameters as the article style.  $ An IOC is defined in three parts:   1. The IOC header   2. The IOC body   3. The IOC signature   . The IOC header is made up of the following:  . - To list: this can be one or more names  0 - From list: this can be one or more names  3 - Copies list: This can be zero or more names e  - Subject: Optional s  H NOTE: You must include a blank line following the Subject parameter.  H You may use any of the LaTeX commands that make sense within the body  of the IOC.  H The IOC signature is made up of your name as a minimum. You may also 6 specify your department, mail stop, extension, etc.  E NOTE: You must include a blank line between the last entry in the o0 IOC signature and the \end{document} command.  5 The default format for the ioc style is as follow: n 4 - The To: and From: addresses are one-column.  * - The Copies: address is two-column.  @ These defaults can be changed by setting internal switches as follows:   \let\To=\doublecolumn  \let\From=\doublecolumn  \let\Copies=\singlecolumn  E This example makes the To: and From: lists two columns while the h Copies: list is one column.  3 Lengths } H A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length  as an argument.  4 \newlength   \newlength {\gnat}  E The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a tB length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat  command already exists.  4 \setlength   \setlength {\gnat} {length}  G The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command. D The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX F understands, e.g. inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.  4 \addtolength  \addtolength {\gnat} {length}  E The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount tB specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount.  4 \settowidth   \settowidth {\gnat} {text}  F The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to " the width of the text argument.  3 Letters  D You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. G The letter document style is designed to make a number of letters at \9 once, although you can make just one if you so desire. r C Your .TEX source file has the same minimum commands as the other C document styles, i.e. you must have the following commands as a i minimum: h  \documentstyle{letter} t \begin{document} i ... letters ...  \end{document} e F Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and 9 address of the recipient. For example, you might have l 1 \begin{letter}{Mr. John Doe \\ 2345 Jones St.  \\ Oakland, CA 91123}  ...  \end{letter} d G The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of the G letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that D make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter " closes with a \closing command.  H After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command G produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command  for a list of enclosures.  4 Declarations  H The following commands are declarations which take a single argument.  5 \address   \address {Return address}  @ The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the E envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ cB commands. If you do not make an \address declaration, then the @ letter will be formatted for copying onto your organization's F standard letterhead. If you give an \address declaration, then the 1 letter will be formatted as a personal letter. } 5 \signature   \signature {Your name}  E Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath lH the space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines & should be separated by \\ commands.  5 \location e  \location {address}  A This modifies your organization's standard address. This only 2 appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.  5 \telephone   \telephone {number}  E This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage a pagestyle is selected.  4 \opening   \opening {text}  H The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument, > text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g.   \opening{Dear John,} l 4 \closing   \closing {text}  2 The letter closes with a \closing command, e.g.   \closing{Best Regards,}  3 Line_and_Page_Breaking  A The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to \D translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To E produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, cH and these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, you G do the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually k does it for you. \ 4 \\   \\ [*] [extra-space] e F The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional F argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space B is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.  H The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it 6 tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.  4 \-  D The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that F point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find B all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the  exceptional cases.  4 \cleardoublepage  D The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all B figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be G printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page c> a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. e 4 \clearpage  F The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures C and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. r 4 \hyphenation   \hyphenation{words}  F The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where ? words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each a3 hyphenation point is indicated by a - character. { 4 \linebreak   \linebreak [number]  F The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the E point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can tB convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The H number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more  insistent the request is.  H The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends  to the right margin.  4 \newline  H The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline . command can be used only in paragraph mode.  4 \newpage  . The \newpage command ends the current page.  4 \nolinebreak   \nolinebreak [number]  D The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current A line at the point of the command. With the optional argument, nF number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a E request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the t- number, the more insistent the request is. e 4 \nopagebreak   \nopagebreak [number]  D The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current A page at the point of the command. With the optional argument, rF number, you can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a E request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the T- number, the more insistent the request is.  4 \pagebreak   \pagebreak [number]  F The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the E point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can aB convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The H number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more  insistent the request is.  3 Making_Paragraphs  F A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines H not containing even an %. A blank line should not appear where a new G paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument g of a sectioning command. e 4 \indent o F This produces a horizontal spce whose width equals the width of the H paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where # it would otherwise be supressed. m 4 \noindent f A When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the rG paragraph indentation. It has noeffect when used in the middle of a l paragraph. e 4 \par  H Equivalent to a blank line; oftenused to make command and environment  definitions easier to read.  3 Math_Formulas \ C There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: math, uH displaymath, and equation. The math environment is for formulas that @ appear right in the text. The displaymath environment is for G formulas that appear on their own line. The equation environment is A the same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an ,' equation number in the right margin.  F The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but @ the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in E paragraph mode. The math and displaymath environments are used so u2 often that they have the following short forms:  3 \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} t A \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} } A In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even o shorter form:  " $ ... $ instead of \(...\)   4 Subscripts_and_Superscripts  C To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type aB _{exp}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type {exp}. H LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the G natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a m subscript and a superscript. o 4 Math_Symbols  E TeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. oG The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For nH example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol  "pi" in your output. r 4 Spacing_in_Math_Mode  G In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in aE the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the eF way it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, C LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode: \  1. \; - a thick space h  2. \: - a medium space e  3. \, - a thin space  " 4. \! - a negative thin space   4 Math_Miscellany . 5 \cdots  G The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are t$ raised to the center of the line.  5 \ddots  3 The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis. f 5 \frac c  \frac {num} {den}  > The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.  5 \ldots  F The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any  mode, not just math mode.  5 \overbrace   \overbrace {text}  6 The \overbrace command generates a brace over text.  5 \overline a  \overline {text} t B The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined.  5 \sqrt r  \sqrt [root] {arg} e C The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The rF optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the 6 cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.  5 \underbrace y  \underbrace {text} s B The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath.  5 \underline   \underline {text}  D The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined. ; This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes. p 5 \vdots  3 The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis. T 3 Modes s C When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of \ three modes:   o Paragraph mode   o Math mode  3 o Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short w C LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a oF different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. F Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or B when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.  C Paragraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when uG processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into eE lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode when hG it's generating a mathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraph F mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of C words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, nF LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in G LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX would D keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and E then complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the  line.  @ LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox F command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - G for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the nH box. There are also several text-producing commands and environments F for making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by G one of these commands or environments will be called a parbox. When yE LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in pH inner paragraph mode. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out & in, is called outer paragraph mode.  3 Page_Styles s E The \documentstyle command determines the size and position of the F page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.  4 \maketitle  \maketitle t F The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page - H except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top H of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained # from the following declarations. t 5 \author   \author{names} e G The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of qG authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within r? a single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's o institution or address.  G NOTE: The milstd and bookform styles have re-defined the \maketitle TF command. The \title declaration is the only command of those shown  below that has any meaning.  5 \date   \date{text}  F The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no + \date command, the current date is used. a 5 \thanks s  \thanks{text}  8 The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.  5 \title   \title{text} c D The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell 3 LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title. n 4 \pagenumbering   \pagenumbering{num_style}  E Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style n are: f  - arabic: Arabic numerals t ' - roman: Lowercase roman numerals r ' - Roman: Uppercase roman numerals a  - alph: Lowercase letters   - Alph: Uppercase letters r  4 \pagestyle   \pagestyle {option}  D The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on - throughout the remainder of your document. b  The valid options are:  ( - plain: Just a plain page number.  ? - empty: Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers. n C - headings: Puts running headings on each page. The document 1 style specifies what goes in the headings.  E - myheadings: You specify what is to go in the heading with the l, \markboth or the \markright commands.   5 \mark  = \markboth {left head} {right head} \markright {right head}  E The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with F the page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right E heading. In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, hC you can use them to override the normal headings in the headings iG style, since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those heads. D You should note that a left-hand heading is generated by the last C \markboth command before the end of the page, while a right-hand lG heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes rD on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the  page.  4 \thispagestyle   \thispagestyle {option}  H The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle F command except that it changes the style for the current page only.  3 Sectioning  D Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units. u o \part  # o \chapter (report style only) m  o \section t  o \subsection   o \subsubsection d  o \paragraph c  o \subparagraph  9 o \subsubparagraph (milstd and bookform styles only)  < o \subsubsubparagraph (milstd and bookform styles only)   ; All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g. e  \chapter [optional] {title}  B In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory E argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:   1. the table of contents  . 2. the running head at the top of the page  F You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places A as appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the G sectioning commands have an optional argument that provides the text h for these other two purposes.  F The sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not F include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. F For example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like:  # \subsection*{Example subsection} h 4 \appendix n \appendix  F The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. B The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the  numbering or parts.  3 Spaces_and_Boxes  4 \addvspace   \addvspace{length} p B The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of heigth D length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the G same point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this B command will not add more space than needed to make the natural 6 length of the total vertical space equal to length.  4 \bigskip  E The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where o5 bigskipamount is determined by the document style. } 4 \dotfill  C The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots  instead of just spaces.  4 \fbox T  \fbox {text} a E The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except xF that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.  4 \framebox \ & \framebox [width] [position] {text}  E The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command, [D except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. h C The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and eH leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.  4 \hfill  H The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or 7 shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.  4 \hrulefill  A The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can aG stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal d rule.  4 \hspace i  \hspace[*]{length} e F The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space F can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, G inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an g? \hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing. e F LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If D you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * . argument. Then the space is never removed.  4 \makebox  % \makebox [width] [position] {text} n D The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. D The width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. H The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional  position argument.   - c - centered (default) s  - l - flushleft   - r - flushright r  4 \mbox e  \mbox {text} l D The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text  created by its argument. e 4 \medskip  E The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where 5 medskipamount is determined by the document style. n 4 \newsavebox g  \newsavebox{cmd} o A Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already x) defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.  4 \parbox e $ \parbox [position] {width} {text}  G A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The a' \parbox has two mandatory arguments: n 5 1. width: specifies the width of the parbox, and  3 2. text: the text that goes inside the parbox. o  F LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center F of the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you : to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.  E A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of mE text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use sF any of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. 9 For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a pG paragraph-making environment, you should use a minipage environment. l 4 \raisebox  < \raisebox {distance} [extend-above] [extend-below] {text}  C The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first uE mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or nH lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR mode. t F Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different B size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would H normally think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how  tall it is.  H The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the C text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second eC optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text a2 extends below the line by the amount specified.  4 \rule o + \rule [raise-height] {width} {thickness} l H The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments  are defined as follows.  E o raise-height: specifies how high to raise the rule (optional) n ; o width: specifies the length of the rule (mandatory) l B o thickness: specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)   4 \savebox   \sbox{cmd}[text] " \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}  F These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox. F However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin 7 cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox.  4 \smallskip  \smallskip  C The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} i= where smallskipamount is determined by the document style. t 4 \usebox s  \usebox{cmd} g G Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command. s 4 \vfill  H The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or  shrink vertically. k 4 \vspace r  \vspace[*]{length}  H The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can B be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, G inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an g \vspace command. d H LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you @ don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * . argument. Then the space is never removed.  3 Special_Characters  G The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called h= special printing characters, or simply special characters.   # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }  G Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you nG are doing something special. If you simply want the character to be t@ printed just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the = character. For example, \$ will produce $ in your output. o C The exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its own pC special meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your \ file.  3 Splitting_the_Input  E A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the tF whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it H into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you H use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you  type when you run LaTeX. e 4 \include   \include{file}  D The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly F command for selective inlcusion of files. The file argument is the D first name of a file, denoting FILE.TEX. If file is one the file G names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no t> \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to  % \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage h B except that if the file FILE.TEX does not exist, then a warning G message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the e? file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.  G The \include command may not appear in the preamble or ina file read l by another \include command. { 4 \includeonly   \includeonly{file_list}  F The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an 9 \include command. It can only appear in the preamble. o 4 \input   \input{file}  > The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and A processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the oD current file at that point. The file name may be a complete file C name with extension or just a first name, in which case the file d FILE.TEX is used.  3 Starting_and_Ending a D Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum.   \documentstyle{style}  \begin{document} o ... your text goes here ...  \end{document} o C where the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See ) Document_Styles within this help file. e F You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and ! the \begin{document} commands. x 3 Table_of_Contents e E A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. oH You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; G LaTeX does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not D automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the : table of contents, include a \newpage command after the  \tableofcontents command.  B There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for B producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. B Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.  G NOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not . have the \nofiles command in your document.  4 \addcontentsline  * \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}  F The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or  table where  F - file is the extension of the file on which information is to be G written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot v (list of tables).  G - sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one eG of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument: f @ o toc: the name of the sectional unit, such as part or  subsection.   o lof: figure   o lot: table   & - entry is the text of the entry.   4 \addtocontents   \addtocontents{file}{text} w @ The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) G directly to the file that generates the table of contents or list of t figures or tables.  F - file is the extension of the file on whcih information is to be G written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot c (list of tables).  - - text is the information to be written. e  3 Terminal_Input_and_Output o  4 \typeout   \typeout{msg}  H Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that F are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their $ definitions before being printed.  E LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space [C and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space 6 command in msg causes a single space to be printed.  4 \typein   \typein[cmd]{msg}  G Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you dG to type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is eF missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in G the input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument pD is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then . defined or redefined to be the typed input.  3 Typefaces o F The typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface  is also called a font.  4 Styles < The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.   o \rm: Roman. e  o \it: Italics. i 4 o \em: Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm).   o \bf: Boldface.   o \sl: Slanted.   o \sf: Sans serif.   o \sc: Small caps.   o \tt: Typewriter.   4 Sizes l; The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX. s o \tiny   o \scriptsize   o \footnotesize  o \small d  o \normalsize (default)  o \large t  o \Large (capital "l") l  o \LARGE (all caps)  o \huge   o \Huge (capital "h")   2 Parameters  input-file a C The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; mE LaTeX uses TEX as a default file extension. If you omit the input 6 file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.  D Output files are always created in the current directory; the DVI F file has the file type DVI, and the log file has the file type LIS. F When you fail to specify an input file name, LaTeX bases the output * names on the document style you select.  2 Qualifiers  /BATCH i B Set batch mode -- no interaction on errors and no output to the E terminal. Normally, LaTeX is set up for interactive use; it stops bG when it encounters an error and allows you to correct it, and prints A status and diagnostic information at the terminal. The /BATCH nF setting is preferred for batch use; LaTeX will barrel on through as F though you had specified `BATCHMODE' in the input file or typed `Q' * in response to the first error message.