%μ VAX-11 Librarian V04-00ΰ[Ψ ‘ Y@)‘–J—††E5LaTeX‡SliTeX­ΐžμ‘1 LaTeXA LaTeX is a computer program for generating many kinds of printedC documents. You type in your text and some commands to say how you, want it formatted, and LaTeX does the rest. Format:LATEX [/qualifiers] input-file 2 CommandsD A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \; followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a singleD non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional5 while arguments contained i n braces {} are required.B NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case, unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. 3 CountersC Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it.F The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment orE command that produces the number, except with no \. Below is a listA of the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control numbering.6 part part figure  enumi7 chapter subparagraph table enumii8 section page footnote enumiii7 subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection4 \addtocounter \addtocounter {counter} {value}? The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amountF specified by the value argument. The value argument can be negative.4 \alph \alph {counter}> This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in< alphabetic  characters. The \alph command causes lower caseA alphabetic characters, e.g. a, b, c... while the \Alph command: causes upper case alphabetic characters, e.g. A, B, C... 4 \arabic \arabic {counter}E The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in arabic numbers, e.g. 3. 4 \fnsymbol \fnsymbol {counter}D The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printedF in a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering footn otes. 4 \newcounter \newcounter {foo} [counter]> The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The? optional argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be resetD whenever the counter named in the optional argument is incremented.4 \roman \roman {counter}D This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in romanE numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, e.g.@ i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman n umerals, e.g. I, II, III... 4 \setcounter \setcounter {counter} {value}> The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that! specified by the value argument. 4 \usecounter \usecounter {counter}C The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the listD environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the list items.4 \value \value {counter}B The \value command produces the value of the counter named in theF mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer orF number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter command, or in \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}1 It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.3 Cross_ReferencesA One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is toA refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."4 \label \label{key}C A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key theF number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered, environment assings that number to the key.E A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation9 characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different. 4 \pageref \pageref{key}B The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the5 text where the corresponding \label command appears.4 \ref \ref{key}E The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation2 number, ... of the corresponding \label command. 3 Definitions 4 \newcommand \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def} \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}/ These commands define (or redefine) a command.F - cmd: A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must= not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for. \renewcommand it must already be defined.F - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments ofB the command being defined. The default is for the command to have no arguments.D - def: The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; aC parameter of the form n in cmd is replaced by the text of the5 nth argument when this substitution takes place.4 \newenvironment+ \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}- \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}2 These commands define or redefine an environment.B - nam: The name of the environment. For \newenvironment thereC must be no curr ently defined environment by that name, and the? command \nam must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the) environment must already be defined.F - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments ofA the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.: - begdef: The text substituted for every occurrence ofC \begin{name}; a parameter of the form n in cmd is replaced byE the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.E - enddef: The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}./ It may notcontain any argument parameters. 4 \newtheorem' \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]. \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}1 This command defines a theorem-like environment.C - env_name: The name of the environment -- a string of letters.@ Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.D - caption: The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the number.B - within: The name of an already defined counter, usually of aC sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem' counter within the sectional unit.@ - numbered_like: The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.@ The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument. 4 \newfont \newfont{cmd}{font_name}F Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, toA be a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the current font.3 Document_Styles% Valid LaTeX document styles include: o article o report o ioc o letter o milstd o bookform. They are selected with the following command:! \documentstyle [options] {style}* The options for the different styles are:C 1. article: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acmF 2. report: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acm+ 3. letter: 11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno, acm= 4. ioc: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno@ 5. milstd: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqnoB 6. bookform: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqnoA If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma.4 \flushbottomC The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height,A adding extra veritcal space when necessary to fill out the page. 4 \onecolumn: The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output.4 \raggedbottomE The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the text1 on that page. No extra vertical space is added. 4 \twocolumnE The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output.3 EnvironmentsD LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments.5 Each environment begins and ends in the same manner. \begin{environment-name} . . . \end{environment-name}4 array \begin{array}{col1col2...coln}8 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ . . . \end{array}F Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a singleF mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignmentF within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that1 tells how items in that row should be formatted. - c for centered - l for flushleft - r for flushrightF Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may includeE other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with a \\.4 center \begin{center} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end{center}F The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting ofA lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the7 current page. Each line must be terminated with a \\.  5 \centering> This declaration corresponds to the center environment. ThisD declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in aF parbox. The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page byE putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.E Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not startF a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units.B To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declarationD must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like% quote) that ends the paragraph unit. 4 description \begin{description} \item [label] First item \item [label] Second item . . . \end{description}F The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label is bold face and flushed right.4 documentlist \begin{documentlist}: \item[Title \\ subtitle \\ subtitle] Document description: \item[Title \\ subtitle \\ subtitle] Document description . . . \end{documentlist}D The documentlist environment is used to produce a list of documentsB where the title of the document is formatted as one stack and theB description is formatted as another stack. These stacks are thenF placed side by side with the tops of the stacks alined. For example,# MIL-STD-490 The Preparation of ' Notice 2 Military Specifications 4 enumerate \begin{enumerate} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end{enumerate}F The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations canE be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also6 be nested within other paragraph-making environments.E Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There; must be at least one \item command within the environment. 4 eqnarray \begin{eqnarray} math formula 1 \\ math formula 2 \\ . . . \end{eqnarray}D The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations< or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column arrayC environment, with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutiveD items within a row separated by an &. An equation number is placed8 on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command. 4 equation \begin{equation} math formula \end{equation}F The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places) the equation number in the right margin.4 figure \begin{figure}[placement] body of the figure \caption{figure title} \end{figure}B Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and areA usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.- Figures will not be split between two pages.E The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try toC place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:< - h: Here - at the position in the text where the figure env ironment appears.) - t: Top - at the top of a text page./ - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.C - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page% containing no text, only floats.F The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp.D The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,? etc. you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure. 4 flushleft \begin{flushleft} Text on lin!e 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end{flushleft}F The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consistingC of lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with a \\.5 \raggedrightA This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. ThisD declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.D Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does notE start a new paragraph; it simpl"y changes how LaTeX formats paragraph> units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the? declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an6 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. 4 flushright \begin{flushright} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end{flushright}< The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraphE consisting of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin.( Each line must be terminated wi #th a \\. 5 \raggedleftB This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. ThisD declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.D Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does notE start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph> units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the? declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an6 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.$ 4 itemize \begin{itemize} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end{itemize}D The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations canE be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also6 be nested within other paragraph-making environments.C Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There; must be at least one \item command within the environment.4 list \begin{list}{label}{spacing} \item First item \it%em Second item . . . \end{list}B The {label} argument specifies how items should be labeled. ThisB argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the? label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.? The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacingF parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e.C {}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for most cases. 4 minipage$ \begin{ &minipage} [position] {width} text \end{minipage}D The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takesB the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument.C You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.A Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that isC particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. AF \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom ofC the minipage instead of at 'the bottom of the page, and it uses the= mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter.> NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are usingA footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. 4 picture1 \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) . picture commands . \end{picture}D The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind ofB picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. YouB tell LaTeX wh(ere to put things in the picture by specifying theirE coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal pointB and a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinateF specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so ifF \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies aE length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlengthD anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange thingsC will happen if you try ch )anging it inside the picture environment.F A positionis a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), which specifiesF the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are? specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which isD normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when aC position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the+ parentheses serve to delimit the argument.? The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is *aB position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environmentD produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this! argument's x- and y-coordinates.@ The picture environment also has an optional position argument,B following the size argument, that can change the origin. (UnlikeF ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in squareD brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the pointA at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby +determining the? origin). For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20); produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200D millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whoseE upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you firstA draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving theB origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify yourF picture by shifting everything, y,ou just add the appropriate optional argument.D The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size ofB the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the pictureB really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside theF picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by2 TeX in determining how much room to leave for it.C Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The command \put (11.3,-.3){ ... }F puts th-e object specified by "..." in the picture, with its referenceC point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various! objects will be described below.F The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the textD argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of anC \mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point* will be the lower left corner of the box. 5 \circle \circle[*]{diameter}E The \circle command produces a circ.le of the specified diameter. If? the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. 5 \dashbox, \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ... }E The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each= dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples of the dash length.5 \frame \frame{ ... }> The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the objectC specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom leftF cor/ner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. 5 \framebox* \framebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }< The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command.5 \line \line(x slope,y slope){length}B The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.5 \linethickness \linethickness{dimension}E Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a pictureB environment to be dimension, which must be a positive lengt0h. ItC does not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the? quarter circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval. 5 \makebox) \makebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }C The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to theA normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and$ height in multiples of \unitlength.D The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your= text appears in. You may select up to two of the f1ollowing:3 - t: Moves the item to the top of the rectangle% - b: Moves the item to the bottom# - l: Moves the item to the left$ - r: Moves the item to the right 5 \multiputF \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}@ The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same. object in a regular pattern across a picture.5 \oval \oval(width,height)[portion]B The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners2. TheE optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. - t: Selects the top portion# - b: Selects the bottom portion" - r: Selects the right portion! - l: Selects the left portion5 \put \put(x coord,y coord){ ... }E The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates. 5 \shortstack+ \shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}@ The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The3 valid positions are:4 - r: Moves the objects to the right of the stack3 - l: Moves the objects to the left of the stack? - c: Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default) 5 \vector! \vector(x slope,y slope){length}@ The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specifiedB length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. 4 quotation \begin{quotation} text \end{quotation}F The margins of the quotation 4environment are indented on the left and? the right. The text is justified at both margins and there isE paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.4 quote \begin{quote} text \end{quote}F The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and theE right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line' between text produces a new paragraph. 4 tabbing \begin{tabbing}5 text \= more text \= still more t5ext \= last text \\ second row \> \> more \\ . . . \end{tabbing}E The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. ItC works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with an ordinary typewriter.5 \=# The \= command sets the tab stops.5 \><The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.5 \<D The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local$ margin without changing the margin.5 \+= T6he \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the. following commands one tab stop to the right.5 \-= The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the- following commands one tab stop to the left.5 \'A The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far n theF current column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \',A \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush' against the current column's tab stop.5 \`D The 7 \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tabF stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the rightF of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` commandB moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing}? command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbingC environment. There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that ends the line.5 \killF The \kill command allows you to set tab sto8ps without producing text.F It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current lineD instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \-( commands in that line remain in effect.4 table \begin{table}[placement] body of the table \caption{table title} \end{table}A Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and areA usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page., Tables will not be split between two pages.E T9he optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try toF place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:; - h: Here - at the position in the text where the table environment appears.) - t: Top - at the top of a text page./ - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.C - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page% containing no text, only floats.F The standard report and article styles use th:e default specifier tbp.C The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,F etc. you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table. 4 tabular \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}8 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ . . . \end{tabular} or# \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}8 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ . . . \end{tabular*}E These environments produce a box consisting of a se;quence of rows ofA items,aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:D o width: Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. ThereF must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width.E o pos: Specified the vertical postionion; default is alignment on# the center of the environment. - t - align on top row - b - align on bottom row> o cols: Specifies the column for<matting. It consists of a? sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the2 sequence of columns and intercolumn material., - l - A column of left-aligned items.- - r - A column of right-aligned items.( - c - A column of centered items.= - | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.C - @{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expressionC suppresses the intercolumn space normally inser =ted betweenE columns; any desired space between the inserted text and theF adjacent items must be included in text. An \extracolsep{wd}E command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd? to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until? countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike< ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is notD suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can> be >used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.E - p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parboxD of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd}F command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except inB the following situations: (i) inside an environment likeF minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox,@ or (iii) in the scope of a \centering, \raggedrigth, orF \raggedleft declaration?. The latter declarations must appear@ inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column element.F - *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is5 any positive integer and cols is any list ofC column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.5 \cline \cline {i-j}= The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns% specified in the mandatory argument.5 \hline@ The \hline command will d @raw a horizontal line the width of theC table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom,# and between the rows of the table.5 \multicolumn! \multicolumn {cols} {pos} {text}F The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns.D The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns< to span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the@ formatting of the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r forE flushright. The third mandatAory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the entry.5 \vline@ The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the fullD height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move? the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression.4 thebibliography& \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label} \bibitem[label]{cite_key} . . . \end{thebibliography}E The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference< lBist. In the article style, this reference list is labeledA "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography".E o widest-label: Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide@ as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands. 5 \bibitem \bibitem[label]{cite_key}B The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If theE label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, usingF the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence Cof letters, numbers,E and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writesC an entry on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label.@ When this aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, theC item's label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to= cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label.5 \cite \cite[text]{key_list}@ The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This commandD generates an in-text citation to thDe references associated with the8 keys in key_list by entries on the aux file read by the \begin{document} command. 5 \nocite \nocite{key_list}F The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a4 list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file. 4 theorem \begin{theorem} theorem text \end{theorem}E The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by your theorem text. 4 titlepage \begin{titlepage} text \end{titlepagEe}E The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with noF printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page toF be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The/ \today command comes in handy for title pages. 4 verbatim \begin{verbatim} text \end{verbatim}E The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets@ LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into aC typewriter with carriage returnFs and blanks having the same effect! that they would on a typewriter.5 \verb: \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text charE Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special charactersB and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be noE space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for? clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed.4 verse \begin{verse} text \end{verse}B The verse environment iGs designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. 3 FootnotesD Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be producedD with one command, the \footnote command. They can also be producedE with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands.B See the specific command for information on why you would use one over the other. 4 \footnote \footnote [number] {text}F The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom@ of Hthe current page. The optional argument, number, is used toF change the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode.4 \footnotemarkF The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This> command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the3 footnote is supplied by the \footnotetext command.4 \footnotetext \footnotetext [number] {text}@ The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the> bottom of theI page. This command can come anywhere after theA \footnotemark command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph mode.F The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number.3 IOCs? You can use LaTeX to typeset IOCs. The ioc style has the same* optional parameters as the article style." An IOC is defined in three parts: 1. The IOC header 2. The IOC body 3. The IOC signature, The IOC header is made up of the following:J, - To list: this can be one or more names. - From list: this can be one or more names1 - Copies list: This can be zero or more names - Subject: OptionalF NOTE: You must include a blank line following the Subject parameter.F You may use any of the LaTeX commands that make sense within the body of the IOC.F The IOC signature is made up of your name as a minimum. You may also4 specify your department, mail stop, extension, etc.C NOTE: You must include a blaKnk line between the last entry in the. IOC signature and the \end{document} command.3 The default format for the ioc style is as follow:2 - The To: and From: addresses are one-column.( - The Copies: address is two-column.> These defaults can be changed by setting internal switches as follows: \let\To=\doublecolumn \let\From=\doublecolumn \let\Copies=\singlecolumnC This example makes the To: and From: lists two columns while the Copies: list is one column. L3 LengthsF A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. 4 \newlength \newlength {\gnat}C The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a@ length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat command already exists. 4 \setlength \setlength {\gnat} {length}E The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command.B The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeXD understMands, e.g. inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.4 \addtolength \addtolength {\gnat} {length}C The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount@ specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount. 4 \settowidth \settowidth {\gnat} {text}D The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to the width of the text argument. 3 LettersB You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business.E The letter doNcument style is designed to make a number of letters at7 once, although you can make just one if you so desire.A Your .TEX source file has the same minimum commands as the otherA document styles, i.e. you must have the following commands as a minimum: \documentstyle{letter} \begin{document} ... letters ... \end{document}D Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and7 address of the recipient. For example, you might have/ \begin{letter}{Mr. JoOhn Doe \\ 2345 Jones St.  \\ Oakland, CA 91123} ... \end{letter}E The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of theE letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands thatB make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter closes with a \closing command.F After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc commandE produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command for a list of enclosures.P4 DeclarationsF The following commands are declarations which take a single argument. 5 \address \address {Return address}> The return address, as it should appear on the letter and theC envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\@ commands. If you do not make an \address declaration, then the> letter will be formatted for copying onto your organization'sD standard letterhead. If you give an \address declaration, then the/ letter will be formatted as a persoQnal letter. 5 \signature \signature {Your name}C Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneathF the space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines$ should be separated by \\ commands. 5 \location \location {address}? This modifies your organization's standard address. This only0 appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. 5 \telephone \telephone {number}C This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpagRe pagestyle is selected. 4 \opening \opening {text}F The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument,< text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g. \opening{Dear John,} 4 \closing \closing {text}0 The letter closes with a \closing command, e.g. \closing{Best Regards,}3 Line_and_Page_Breaking? The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is toB translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. ToC pSroduce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines,F and these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, youE do the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for you.4 \\ \\ [*] [extra-space]D The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optionalD argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space@ is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.F The \\* command is Tthe same as the ordinary \\ command except that it4 tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.4 \-B The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at thatD point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find@ all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases.4 \cleardoublepageB The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to beE printUed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page< a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. 4 \clearpageD The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figuresA and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.4 \hyphenation \hyphenation{words}D The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where= words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each1 hyphenation point is indicateVd by a - character. 4 \linebreak \linebreak [number]D The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at theC point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can@ convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. TheF number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.F The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to the right margin. 4 \newlineF The \newline command Wbreaks the line right where it is. The \newline, command can be used only in paragraph mode. 4 \newpage, The \newpage command ends the current page.4 \nolinebreak \nolinebreak [number]B The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current? line at the point of the command. With the optional argument,D number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to aC request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the+ number, the more insistent Xthe request is.4 \nopagebreak \nopagebreak [number]B The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current? page at the point of the command. With the optional argument,D number, you can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to aC request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the+ number, the more insistent the request is. 4 \pagebreak \pagebreak [number]D The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at theC point of Ythe command. With the optional argument, number, you can@ convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. TheF number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.3 Making_ParagraphsD A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- linesF not containing even an %. A blank line should not appear where a newE paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command. 4 \indentZD This produces a horizontal spce whose width equals the width of theF paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where! it would otherwise be supressed. 4 \noindent? When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses theE paragraph indentation. It has noeffect when used in the middle of a paragraph.4 \parF Equivalent to a blank line; oftenused to make command and environment definitions easier to read.3 Math_FormulasA There are three e [nvironments that put LaTeX in math mode: math,F displaymath, and equation. The math environment is for formulas that> appear right in the text. The displaymath environment is forE formulas that appear on their own line. The equation environment is? the same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an% equation number in the right margin.D The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but> the displaymath and equation environments can be used only inC parag\raph mode. The math and displaymath environments are used so0 often that they have the following short forms:1 \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}? \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}? In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: $ ... $ instead of \(...\)4 Subscripts_and_SuperscriptsA To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type@ _{exp}. To get exp to appear as a superscr]ipt, you type {exp}.F LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in theE natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript.4 Math_SymbolsC TeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need.E The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. ForF example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol "pi" in your output.4 Spacing_in_Math_ModeE In a math environment^, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts inC the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics theD way it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing,A LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode: 1. \; - a thick space 2. \: - a medium space 3. \, - a thin space 4. \! - a negative thin space4 Math_Miscellany5 \cdotsE The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are" raised to the cen_ter of the line.5 \ddots1 The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis.5 \frac \frac {num} {den}< The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.5 \ldotsD The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not just math mode. 5 \overbrace \overbrace {text}4 The \overbrace command generates a brace over text. 5 \overline \overline {text}@ The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined.5 \sqrt` \sqrt [root] {arg}A The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. TheD optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the4 cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. 5 \underbrace \underbrace {text}@ The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath. 5 \underline \underline {text}B The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined.9 This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.5 \vdotsa1 The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis.3 ModesA When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: o Paragraph mode o Math mode1 o Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for shortA LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to aD different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.D Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or@ when LaTeX is processing the argument of cert bain text-producing commands.A Paragraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in whenE processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text intoC lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode whenE it's generating a mathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraphD mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string ofA words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode,D LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never star cts a new line inE LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX wouldB keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, andC then complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.> LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mboxD command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box -E for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in theF box. There are also several text-producing commands and envi dronmentsD for making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make byE one of these commands or environments will be called a parbox. WhenC LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be inF inner paragraph mode. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out$ in, is called outer paragraph mode. 3 Page_StylesC The \documentstyle command determines the size and position of theD page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. 4 \maketitlee \maketitleD The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page -F except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the topF of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained! from the following declarations. 5 \author \author{names}E The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list ofE authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within= a single author's entry -- for example, to give the autfhor's institution or address.E NOTE: The milstd and bookform styles have re-defined the \maketitleD command. The \title declaration is the only command of those shown below that has any meaning.5 \date \date{text}D The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no) \date command, the current date is used. 5 \thanks \thanks{text}6 The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.5 \title \title{text}B The \title command declares texgt to be the title. Use \\ to tell1 LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.4 \pagenumbering \pagenumbering{num_style}C Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are: - arabic: Arabic numerals% - roman: Lowercase roman numerals% - Roman: Uppercase roman numerals - alph: Lowercase letters - Alph: Uppercase letters 4 \pagestyle \pagestyle {option}B The \pagestyle command changes the style from the currenth page on+ throughout the remainder of your document. The valid options are:& - plain: Just a plain page number.= - empty: Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.A - headings: Puts running headings on each page. The document/ style specifies what goes in the headings.C - myheadings: You specify what is to go in the heading with the* \markboth or the \markright commands.5 \mark; \markboth {left head} {right head} \markright {right head} iC The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction withD the page style myheadings for setting either both or just the rightC heading. In addition to their use with the myheadings page style,A you can use them to override the normal headings in the headingsE style, since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those heads.B You should note that a left-hand heading is generated by the lastA \markboth command before the end of the page, while a right-handE heading is generajted by the first \markboth or \markright that comesB on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.4 \thispagestyle \thispagestyle {option}F The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyleD command except that it changes the style for the current page only. 3 SectioningB Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units. o \part! o \chapter (report style only) o \section o \subsectionk o \subsubsection o \paragraph o \subparagraph7 o \subsubparagraph (milstd and bookform styles only): o \subsubsubparagraph (milstd and bookform styles only)9 All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g. \chapter [optional] {title}@ In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatoryC argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places: 1. the table of contents, 2. the running head at the top of the pageD Ylou may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places? as appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, theE sectioning commands have an optional argument that provides the text for these other two purposes.D The sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do notD include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents.D For example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like:! \subsection*{Example subsection} 4 \appendix m \appendixD The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered.@ The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering or parts.3 Spaces_and_Boxes 4 \addvspace \addvspace{length}@ The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of heigthB length. However, if vertical space has already been added to theE same point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this@ command will not add more space than needed to make the naturaln4 length of the total vertical space equal to length. 4 \bigskipC The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where3 bigskipamount is determined by the document style. 4 \dotfillA The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots instead of just spaces.4 \fbox \fbox {text}C The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, exceptD that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. 4 \framebox$ \frameboxo [width] [position] {text}C The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command,B except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.A The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, andF leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.4 \hfillF The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or5 shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. 4 \hrulefill? The \hrulefill fill compmand produces a rubber length which canE stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. 4 \hspace \hspace[*]{length}D The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the spaceD can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points,E inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an= \hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing.D LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. qIfB you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *, argument. Then the space is never removed. 4 \makebox# \makebox [width] [position] {text}B The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified.B The width of the box is specified by the optional width argument.F The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional position argument. - c - centered (default) - l - flushleft - r - flushright4 \mbox \mbox {rtext}B The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. 4 \medskipC The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where3 medskipamount is determined by the document style. 4 \newsavebox \newsavebox{cmd}? Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already' defined, to be a bin for saving boxes. 4 \parbox" \parbox [position] {width} {text}E A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragrasph mode. The% \parbox has two mandatory arguments:3 1. width: specifies the width of the parbox, and1 2. text: the text that goes inside the parbox.D LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the centerD of the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you8 to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.C A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece ofC text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't usteD any of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument.7 For larger pieces of text, including ones containing aE paragraph-making environment, you should use a minipage environment. 4 \raisebox: \raisebox {distance} [extend-above] [extend-below] {text}A The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The firstC mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (orF lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR mode.uD Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different@ size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX wouldF normally think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is.F The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that theA text extends above the line by the amount specified. The secondA optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text0 extends below the line by the amount specified.4 \rule) \rule [vraise-height] {width} {thickness}F The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments are defined as follows.C o raise-height: specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)9 o width: specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)@ o thickness: specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory) 4 \savebox \sbox{cmd}[text] \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}D These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox.D However, instead of priwnting the resulting box, they save it in bin5 cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox. 4 \smallskip \smallskipA The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount}; where smallskipamount is determined by the document style. 4 \usebox \usebox{cmd}E Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command.4 \vfillF The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink vertically. 4 \vspace \vspace[*x]{length}F The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can@ be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points,E inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace command.F LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you> don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *, argument. Then the space is never removed.3 Special_CharactersE The following characters play a special role in LaT yeX and are called; special printing characters, or simply special characters. # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }E Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, youE are doing something special. If you simply want the character to be> printed just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the; character. For example, \$ will produce $ in your output.A The exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its ownA special meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ zin your file.3 Splitting_the_InputC A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting theD whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split itF into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files youF use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX. 4 \include \include{file}B The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonlyD command for selective inlcusion of files. {The file argument is theB first name of a file, denoting FILE.TEX. If file is one the fileE names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no< \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to# \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage@ except that if the file FILE.TEX does not exist, then a warningE message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the= file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.E The \include command may not ap|pear in the preamble or ina file read by another \include command.4 \includeonly \includeonly{file_list}D The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an7 \include command. It can only appear in the preamble.4 \input \input{file}< The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and? processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in theB current file at that point. The file name may be a complete fileA name with extension or just a} first name, in which case the file FILE.TEX is used.3 Starting_and_EndingB Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum. \documentstyle{style} \begin{document} ... your text goes here ... \end{document}A where the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See' Document_Styles within this help file.D You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and the \begin{document} commands.3 Table_of_ContentsC A table of ~contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command.F You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go;E LaTeX does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does notB automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the8 table of contents, include a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents command.@ There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for@ producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.@ Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.E NOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not, have the \nofiles command in your document.4 \addcontentsline( \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}D The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or table whereD - file is the extension of the file on which information is to beE written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables).E - sec_unit €controls the formatting of the entry. It should be oneE of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:> o toc: the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection. o lof: figure o lot: table$ - entry is the text of the entry.4 \addtocontents \addtocontents{file}{text}> The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands)E directly to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or tables.D - file is the extension of the file on whcih information is to beE written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables).+ - text is the information to be written.3 Terminal_Input_and_Output 4 \typeout \typeout{msg}F Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg thatD are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their" definitions before being printed.C LaTeX's usual rules f ‚or treating multiple spaces as a single spaceA and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space4 command in msg causes a single space to be printed. 4 \typein \typein[cmd]{msg}E Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for youE to type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument isD missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included inE the input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argumentB is present,ƒ it must be a command name. This command name is then, defined or redefined to be the typed input. 3 TypefacesD The typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface is also called a font.4 Styles: The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. o \rm: Roman. o \it: Italics.2 o \em: Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm). o \bf: Boldface. o \sl: Slanted. o \sf: Sans serif. o \sc: Small caps. o \tt: Typew"„riter.4 Sizes9 The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX. o \tiny o \scriptsize o \footnotesize o \small o \normalsize (default) o \large o \Large (capital "l") o \LARGE (all caps) o \huge o \Huge (capital "h") 2 Parameters input-fileA The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;C LaTeX uses TEX as a default file extension. If you omit the input4 file entirely, TeX accepts input …from the terminal.B Output files are always created in the current directory; the DVID file has the file type DVI, and the log file has the file type LIS.D When you fail to specify an input file name, LaTeX bases the output( names on the document style you select. 2 Qualifiers /BATCH@ Set batch mode -- no interaction on errors and no output to theC terminal. Normally, LaTeX is set up for interactive use; it stopsE when it encounters an error and allows you to correct it, and prints? status and diagnostic information at the terminal. The /BATCHD setting is preferred for batch use; LaTeX will barrel on through asD though you had specified `BATCHMODE' in the input file or typed `Q'( in response to the first error message.wwΊ« Σ‘ MCPHERSON LaTeXΊ«ΐ/T)‘ MCPHERSON SliTeX ˆ­ Y@)‘1 SliTeXF SliTeX is a version of LaTeX designed for making color slides, thoughE you can use it for black-and-white slides as well. You don't need a; special printer to make color slides; SliTeX uses the sameC black-and-white printer as LaTeX. You get color slides by copying- SliTeX's output onto colored transparencies. 2 Root_FileF SliTeX is a separate program that you run the same way you run LaTeX,C giving it the first name of an input file whose file type is ‰.tex.C This file is called the root file. For example, myfile.tex. This@ file starts out with the customary \documentstyle command. TheD standard document style for making slides is slides so your file is likely to begin \documentstyle{slides}C The commands are followed by any declarations that you may want to8 make, followed in turn by the \begin{document} command.D Any text that comes after the \begin{document} is treated as "front@ matter" and not as slide material. Y Šou can use it for notes to identify the slides.D For SliTeX to produce color slides, you have to tell it what colors@ you will be using. This is done with the \colors command. The command \colors{red,black,blue}F states that you will be using three colors, which you have named red,A black, and blue. SliTeX knows nothing about real colors, so youB could just as well have called your three colors puce, mauve, andD fred. If you're making only black-and-white slides, then y‹ou don't need a \colors command.A The text of your slides is contained not in myfile.tex, but in aE separate slide file. This file can have any name that ends in .tex;@ for example, myslid.tex. What goes into the file myslid.tex isC explained under Slide_File for this topic. Black-and-white slidesA are generated by placing the following command in the root file: \blackandwhite{myslid}* Color slides are generated by the command \colorslides{myslid}B The \coloŒrslides command generates a set of color layer pages for? each color specified by the \colors command. For example, the command \colors{red,black,blue}C causes a subsequent \colorslides command to generate first all theD red color-layer pages, then the black ones, and then the blue ones.> As usual, your root file ends with an \end{document} command. 2 Slide_FileC The main purpose of the root file is to tell SliTeX what colors toC use and where to find the slide file, so the root file tends to beF pretty short. It's the slide file that actually makes the individual slides.3 SlidesE Each slide is produced by a slide environment. This environment hasF a single argument, which is a list of all the colors contained on theA slide. For example, a slide that has the colors red and blue is created by an environment \begin{slide}{red,blue} ... \end{slide}@ The colors in the argument must have been declared by a \colorsB Ž command in the root file. They tell SliTeX which color layers toB produce for this particular slide. If there is green text in theD slide, that text will appear in the black-and-white version, but noD green color layer will be generated unless green is included in the@ slide environment's argument. If you want only black-and-white* slides, then you can use a null argument: \begin{slide}{} ...B The text that appears on a slide is produced using ordinary LaTeX@ commands. You can use any commands that make sense for slides.C Commands that don't make sense include sectioning commands, figureE and table environments, indexing commands, commands for generating aD bibliography, and page-breaking commands. The latter make no senseF in a slide because each slide must fit on a single page. You can use> an \input command, but not an \include command. Commands forF producing only some of the slides in your slide file are described in& Making_Some_Slides within  this topic.E There are two major differences between the text generated by SliTeXB and that generated by LaTeX. First of all, text is automaticallyB centered vertically on the slide. Secondly, and most noticeable,C SliTeX uses a set of type faces especially chosen for slides. TheD characters in these type faces are much larger than the ones in the? corresponding LaTeX type faces. SliTeX's \normalsize producesD roughly the same size characters as LaTeX's \LARGE. Also, SliTeX'sB ordin ‘ary Roman type style is similar to LaTeX's sans serif style.B Besides Roman, the only other type styles generally available are0 italic (\it), bold (\bf), and typewriter (\tt).A The only commands you need inside a slide that aren't present inE ordinary LaTeX input are ones to tell SliTeX what color the text is.C The \colors command in your root file defines the declarations for@ doing this. For example, if the root file contains the command: \colors{red,black,blue}, then \red, \black, and ’ \blue areD declarations that specify the color. They work just like any other9 declaration, such as \bf, having the same scoping rules.4 A color declaration does not affect the type style.E Text in which there is no color declaration in effect appears on all> color layers. For example, if you make no color declarationsE anywhere in your slide file, then all color layers will be identicalC to the black and white versions. Note that color declarations are undefined in the root file.“D The command \invisible is a special color declaration for invisibleC text. Invisible text is not only colorless, appearing in no colorB layer, but does not appear in the black-and-white version either.. The use of invisible text is explained below.C WARNING: Don't use a color declaration or an invisible command in math mode. 3 OverlaysE The overlay environment is exactly the same as the slide environmentB except for how the page is numbered. The first overlay followingF sli ”de number 9 is numbered "9a", the second one is numbered "9b", andC so forth. To make an overlay that perfectly overlays a slide, theF slide and the overlay should be absolutely identical except that text1 visible in one should be invisible in the other.3 Notes@ It is sometimes convenient to put notes to yourself in with theD slides. The note environment produces a one-page note that appears@ only in the black-and-white versions of the slides. Notes that7 follow slide number 9 are n•umbered "9-1", "9-2"", etc. For example, \begin{note}( This is the note for the current slide. etc. \end{note}2 Making_Some_SlidesE For making corrections, it's handy to be able to produce a subset of& the slides in your file. The command \onlyslides{4,7-13,23}= in the root file will cause the following \blackandwhite and? \colorslides commands to generate only slides numbered 4, 7-13F (inclusive) and 23, plus all of their overlays. The slide numbers inE t –he argument must be in ascending order, and can include nonexistent# slides---for example, you can type \onlyslides{10-9999}? to produce all but the first nine slides. The argument of the' \onlyslides command must be non-empty.F There is also an analogous \onlynotes command to generate a subset ofF the notes. Notes numbered 11-1, 11-2, etc. will all be generated by> specifying page 11 in the argument of the \onlynotes command.D If your input has an \onlyslides command and no \onlynotes command,F then notes will be produced for the specified slides. If there is anE \onlynotes command but no \onlyslide command, then no slides will beC produced. Including both an \onlyslides and an \onlynotes commandC has the expected effect of producing only the specified slides and notes.ww