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Title: Military schools and courses of instruction in the science and art of war
(Revised Edition)
Author: Henry Barnard
Release Date: December 16, 2013 [EBook #44443]
Language: English
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The second and longer Table of Contents was printed at the end of the volume. There is a supplementary table of contents partway through the France section, covering only the Polytechnic. The relationship between the Tables of Contents (all) and the printed book is casual at best; information may have been accurate for the first edition. Except in the case of apparent typographical error, discrepancies were left as printed.
The section on Switzerland (Part IX) was printed after the section on Great Britain (Part VIII). For this e-text it has been grouped with the smaller countries (Parts III through VIII).
Introduction to Revised Edition
Contents (2 pages)
Introduction
Detailed Table of Contents (12 pages)
In separate files:
I. France
II. Prussia
III. Austria
IV. Bavaria, Holland,
Saxony
V. Italy
VI. Russia
VII. Sweden, Norway,
Denmark
VIII. Great Britain
IX. Switzerland
X. United States
Typographical errors are shown in the text with mouse-hover popups. Errors are listed again at the end of each section.
IN
FRANCE, PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, SARDINIA, ENGLAND, AND THE UNITED STATES.
DRAWN FROM RECENT OFFICIAL REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS.
By HENRY BARNARD, LL.D.
REVISED EDITION.
NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY E. STEIGER,
22 & 24 FRANKFORT STREET.
1872.
The first edition of Military Schools in France and Prussia was issued in 1862, as a number of the American Journal of Education; and subsequently in the same year this portion was printed as Part I. of a comprehensive survey of the whole field of Instruction in the Science and Art of War in different countries. The circumstances under which the publication was begun, are set forth in the Preface to the imperfect edition of 1862. Now that the survey in the serial chapters of the Journal is as complete as the material at the command of the Editor, and the space which he can give to this special subject enable him to make it, the several chapters have been revised and brought together in a single volume, to present the actual condition of this important department of national education in the principal states of Europe, as well as in our own country.
It is due to the late Col. Samuel Colt, the inventor of the Colt Revolver, and the founder of the Colt Patent Fire-Arms Factory—two enterprises which have changed the character and the mode of constructing fire-arms in every country—to state that the information contained in the first edition of this Treatise, was collected and prepared at his request, to assist him in maturing the plan of a School of Mechanical Engineering, which he proposed to establish on his estate at Hartford, and on which, after the breaking out of the War of Secession, he decided to engraft both military drill, and military history, and to give that scientific instruction which every graduate of our national Military and Naval Academies ought to possess. Soon after Col. Colt’s death (Jan. 10, 1862), Mrs. Elizabeth Jarvis Colt, learning what had been done in the direction of her husband’s wishes, authorized the use which has been made, of the material already collected, in the preparation of this treatise, and of the volume already published on Technical Schools in different countries, and of any more which might be collected and prepared at her expense, to illustrate any department of his plan of a scientific school at Hartford.
HENRY BARNARD.
Hartford, Conn., March, 1872.
5| PAGE. | |
| Introduction, | 3 |
| I. FRANCE. | |
| Outline of Military System, | 9 |
| System of Military Instruction, | 10 |
| I. Polytechnic School at Paris, | 11 |
| 1. Subject and Methods of Instruction prescribed for Admission, | 13 |
| 2. Scientific Course in Lycées and other Schools in reference to, | 49 |
| 3. History, Management, Studies, Examinations, | 55 |
| 4. Public Services, Legal and Military, provided for by, | 88 |
| 5. Programmes of Lectures and Courses of Instruction, | 91 |
| II. The Artillery and Engineer School of Application at Metz, | 133 |
| III. The Regimental Schools of Practice for Artillery and Engineers, | 221 |
| IV. The Infantry and Cavalry School at St. Cyr, | 225 |
| V. The Cavalry School of Practice at Saumur, | 241 |
| VI. The Staff School at Paris, | 245 |
| VII. The Military Orphan School at La Fleche, | 257 |
| VIII. The School of Musketry at Vincennes, | 259 |
| IX. The Military and Naval Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, | 261 |
| X. The Naval School at Brest, | 263 |
| XI. The Military Gymnastic School at Vincennes, | 265 |
| Remarks on French Military Education, | 273 |
| II. PRUSSIA. | |
| Outline of Military System and Military Education, | 275 |
| I. Outline of Military System, | 281 |
| II. Historical View of Military Education, | 284 |
| III. Present System of Military Education and Promotion, | 293 |
| IV. Examinations; General and Professional for a Commission, | 297 |
| 1. Preliminary or Ensign’s Examination, | 297 |
| 2. Officers’ Examination, | 302 |
| V. Military Schools preparatory to the Officers’ Examination, | 310 |
| 1. The Cadet Schools, or Cadet Houses, | 310 |
| 2. The Division Schools, | 321 |
| 3. The United Artillery and Engineers’ School, | 325 |
| VI. The School for Staff Officers at Berlin, | 330 |
| VII. Elementary Military Schools for Non-commissioned Officers, | 329 |
| 1. Military Orphan Houses, | 339 |
| Orphan-House at Potsdam, | 340 |
| Orphan-House at Annaburg, | 345 |
| 2. The School Division or Non-commissioned Officers’ School, | 348 |
| 3. Regimental Schools, | 350 |
| 4. The Noble-School at Liegnitz, | 350 |
| VIII. Remarks on the System of Military Education in Prussia, | 351 |
| Appendix, | 351 |
| The Artillery and Engineer School at Berlin, | 353 |
| The Staff School at Berlin, | 395 |
| 6 III. AUSTRIA. | |
| Military System and Instruction | 409-464 |
| I. Schools of non-commissioned officers | 411 |
| II. School for officers | 429 |
| III. Special Military Schools | 436 |
| IV. Staff School at Vienna | 447 |
| V. Reorganization of Military Schools in 1868 | 453 |
| VI. Cavalry Brigade School for officers | 463 |
| IV. BAVARIA, SAXONY, HOLLAND. | |
| Military System and Schools of Bavaria | 465-480 |
| I. Cadet Corps—War School—Artillery, Engineers, and Staff Schools | 467 |
| II. Military Academy at Dresden | 471 |
| III. Military Academy at Breda | 477 |
| V. ITALY. | |
| Military System and Schools | 481-500 |
| I. Military Academy at Turin | 483 |
| II. Artillery and Engineer School | 489 |
| III. Staff School and Staff Corps | 492 |
| IV. Regimental School for officers | 494 |
| V. School for Artillery officers | 498 |
| VI. Nautical School at Genoa | 499 |
| VI. RUSSIA. | |
| Military System and Schools | 501-514 |
| I. Imperial Staff School at St. Petersburg | 505 |
| VII. SWEDEN, &c. | |
| Military System and Schools | 515-516 |
| VIII. GREAT BRITAIN. | |
| Military System and Schools | 511-686 |
| I. Council of Military Education | 535 |
| II. Royal Military College at Sandhurst | 557 |
| III. Royal Military Academy at Woolwich | 585 |
| IV. Royal School of Military Engineering at Chatham | 595 |
| V. Professional Instruction for officers. | 605 |
| 1. Survey Class at Aldershot. | |
| 2. Advanced Class of Artillery at Woolwich. | |
| 3. School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness | |
| VI. Staff College and Staff appointments | 619 |
| VII. School of Musketry, and Army Schools | 625 |
| VIII. Naval and Navigation Schools | 627 |
| IX. English and other Naval Systems and Schools compared | 655 |
| 1. French Naval and Navigation Schools | 659 |
| 2. German Naval and Navigation Schools | 681 |
| IX. SWITZERLAND. | |
| Military System and Military Instruction | 687-714 |
| I. Federal Militia—Cantonal Cadet System—Target Shooting | 689 |
| II. Federal Instruction of officers—experience of 1870 | 710 |
| X. UNITED STATES. | |
| Military System and Schools | 713-940 |
| A. Military Education for Land Service | 715 |
| I. National Military Academy at West Point | 721 |
| II. Special Artillery School at Fortress Monroe | 819 |
| III. Military element in State Schools | 825 |
| IV. Individual and Corporate Institutions | 838 |
| V. Military Drill in Public Schools | 865 |
| B. Naval and Navigation Schools | 887 |
| I. United States Naval Academy at Annapolis | 897 |
| II. School of Naval Construction and Marine Engineering | 937 |
| III. Instruction for the Mercantile Marine | 939 |
| General Review of Military System and Schools | 945 |
VIII. GREAT BRITAIN.
VIII GREAT BRITAIN.
V. ... 2. Advanced Class of Artillery at
Woolwich.
Classs
An account of the Military and Naval Schools of different countries, with special reference to the extension and improvement, among ourselves, of similar institutions and agencies, both national and state, for the special training of officers and men for the exigencies of war, was promised by the Editor in his original announcement of “The American Journal and Library of Education.” Believing that the best preparation for professional and official service of any kind, either of peace or war, is to be made in the thorough culture of all manly qualities, and that all special schools should rest on the basis, and rise naturally out of a general system of education for the whole community, we devoted our first efforts to the fullest exposition of the best principles and methods of elementary instruction, and to improvements in the organization, teaching, and discipline of schools, of different grades, but all designed to give a proportionate culture of all the faculties. We have from time to time introduced the subject of Scientific Schools—or of institutions in which the principles of mathematics, mechanics, physics, and chemistry are thoroughly mastered, and their applications to the more common as well as higher arts of construction, machinery, manufactures, and agriculture, are experimentally taught. In this kind of instruction must we look for the special training of our engineers, both civil and military; and schools of this kind established in every state, should turn out every year a certain number of candidates of suitable age to compete freely in open examinations for admission to a great National School, like the Polytechnic at Paris, or the purely scientific course of the Military Academy at West Point, and then after two years of severe study, and having been found qualified by repeated examinations, semi-annual and final, by a board composed, not of honorary visitors, but of experts in each science, should pass to schools of application or training for the special service for which they have a natural aptitude and particular preparation.
The terrible realities of our present situation as a people—the fact that within a period of twelve months a million of able bodied men have been summoned to arms from the peaceful occupations of the office, the shop, and the field, and are now in hostile array, or in actual conflict, within the limits of the United States, and the no less alarming aspect of the future, arising not only from the delicate position of our own relations with foreign governments, but from the armed interference of the great Military Powers of Europe in the internal affairs of a neighboring republic, have brought up the subject of Military Schools, and Military Education, for consideration and action with an urgency which admits of no delay. Something must and will be done at once. And in reply to numerous letters for information and suggestions, and to enable those who are urging the National, State or Municipal authorities to provide additional facilities for military instruction, or who may propose to establish schools, or engraft on existing schools exercises for this purpose,—to profit by the experience of our own and other countries, in the work of training officers and men for the Art of War, we shall bring together into a single volume, “Papers on Military Education,” which it was our intention to publish in successive numbers of the New Series of the “American Journal of Education.”
8This volume, as will be seen by the Contents, presents a most comprehensive survey of the Institutions and Courses of Instruction, which the chief nations of Europe have matured from their own experience, and the study of each other’s improvements, to perfect their officers for every department of military and naval service which the exigences of modern warfare require, and at the same time, furnishes valuable hints for the final organization of our entire military establishments, both national and state.
We shall publish in the Part devoted to the United States, an account of the Military Academy at West Point, the Naval Academy at Newport, and other Institutions and Agencies,—State, Associated, and Individual, for Military instruction, now in existence in this country, together with several communications and suggestions which we have received in advocacy of Military Drill and Gymnastic exercises in Schools. We do not object to a moderate amount of this Drill and these exercises, properly regulated as to time and amount, and given by competent teachers. There is much of great practical value in the military element, in respect both to physical training, and moral and mental discipline. But we do not believe in the physical degeneracy, or the lack of military aptitude and spirit of the American people—at least to the extent asserted to exist by many writers on the subject. And we do not believe that any amount of juvenile military drill, any organization of cadet-corps, any amount of rifle or musket practice, or target shooting, valuable as these are, will be an adequate substitute for the severe scientific study, or the special training which a well organized system of military institutions provides for the training of officers both for the army and navy.
Our old and abiding reliance for industrial progress, social well being, internal peace, and security from foreign aggression rests on:—
I. The better Elementary education of the whole people—through better homes and better schools—through homes, such as Christianity establishes and recognizes, and schools, common because cheap enough for the poorest, and good enough for the best,—made better by a more intelligent public conviction of their necessity, and a more general knowledge among adults of the most direct modes of effecting their improvement, and by the joint action of more intelligent parents, better qualified teachers, and more faithful school officers. This first great point must be secured by the more vigorous prosecution of all the agencies and measures now employed for the advancement of public schools, and a more general appreciation of the enormous amount of stolid ignorance and half education, or mis-education which now prevails, even in states where the most attention has been paid to popular education.
II. The establishment of a System of Public High Schools in every state—far more complete than exists at this time, based on the system of Elementary Schools, into which candidates shall gain admission only after having been found qualified in certain studies by an open examination. The studies of this class of schools should be preparatory both in literature and science for what is now the College Course, and for what is now also the requirements in mathematics in the Second Year’s Course at the Military Academy at West Point.
III. A system of Special Schools, either in connection with existing Colleges, or on an independent basis, in which the principles of science shall be taught with special reference to their applications to the Arts of Peace and War. Foremost in this class should stand a National School of Science, organized and conducted on the plan of the Polytechnic School of France, and preparatory to Special Military and Naval Schools.
IV. The Appointment to vacancies, in all higher Public Schools, either among teachers or pupils, and in all departments of the Public Service by Open Competitive Examination.
HENRY BARNARD.
Hartford, Conn., 1862.
Military Education in France; Part I. of Military Schools and Courses of Instruction in the Science and Art of War in different countries. By Henry Barnard, LL.D., late U.S. Commissioner of Education. Pages 7—276.
| PAGE. | |
| Military Schools of Special Application in France, | 131 |
| I. Artillery and Engineers’ School at Metz, | 133 |
| 1. History and General Description, | 137 |
| First Artillery School in 1679 at Douai, | 137 |
| Garrison Schools in 1720, | 137 |
| Academy at La Fère in 1756, | 137 |
| First Engineer School at Mézières in 1749, | 137 |
| School at Metz in 1795, | 137 |
| 2. Location, Buildings, Barracks, Riding School, | 138 |
| 3. Staff of Government, | 140 |
| 3. Staff of Instruction, | 141 |
| Superior Council, | 141 |
| Instructional Council, | 142 |
| Administrative “ | 142 |
| 4. Subjects and Methods of Study, | 142 |
| Instruction Common to both, | 143 |
| Instruction Special to Artillery, | 143 |
| Instruction Special to Engineers, | 143 |
| Employment of time for First Year, | 144 |
| Employment of time for Second Year, | 143 |
| 5. Examination and Classification, | 145 |
| Final Examination, | 146 |
| Classification of the Order of Merit, | 147 |
| 6. Subsequent instruction and Employment, | 148 |
| 7. Regimental Schools, | 150 |
| Appendix, | 151 |
| Regulations and Programmes of Instruction, | 151 |
| I. Police Regulations, | 152 |
| II. Regulations for Estimating the value of Work Executed, | 151 |
| III. Programme of Artillery Course, | 156 |
| Introduction—1. Effects of Powder, | 158 |
| Introduction—2. Projectiles, | 159 |
| Introduction—3. Motion of Carriages, | 160 |
| Second Part—Section 1. Small Army, | 161 |
| Second Part—Section 2. Projectiles and Cannon, | 162 |
| Second Part—Section 3. War and Signal Rockets, | 164 |
| Second Part—Section 4. Carriages, | 166 |
| Second Part—Section 5. Artillery Force, | 165 |
| Second Part—Section 6. Construction of Carriages, | 166 |
| Third Part—Effects of Projectiles, | 167 |
| Fourth Part—Trace and Construction of Batteries, | 168 |
| Fifth Part—Section 1. Organization and Service of Artillery, | 179 |
| Fifth Part—Section 2. Artillery in the Field, | 170 |
| Fifth Part—Section 3. Artillery in the Attack and Defense, | 170 |
| Fifth Part—Section 4. Artillery in the Sham Siege, | 174 |
| Recapitulative Tables, | 180 |
| 950 IV. Course on Military Art and Field Fortification, | 181 |
| I. Lectures, | 181 |
| 1. Historical Notices of the Organization of Armies, | 181 |
| 2. Tactics, | 182 |
| 3. Castrametation, | 182 |
| 4. Field Fortification, | 182 |
| 5. Military Communications, | 184 |
| 6. Strategy, | 184 |
| II. Works of Application, | 184 |
| Recapitulations, | 189 |
| V. Permanent Fortifications and Attack and Defense of Places, | 190 |
| VI. Course of Topography, | 194 |
| 1. Topographical Drawing, | 194 |
| 2. Topographical Surveying, | 194 |
| VII. Course of Geodesy and Dialling, | 197 |
| 1. Special for Engineers, | 197 |
| 2. Common to Engineers and Artillery, | 198 |
| VIII. Course of Sciences applied to Military Arts, | 200 |
| 1. Geology, | 200 |
| 2. Working in Iron, | 200 |
| 3. Application of the Working of Iron, | 201 |
| 4. Manufacture of Small Arms, | 201 |
| 5. Manufacture of Ordnance, | 201 |
| 6. Manufacture of Powder, | 201 |
| 7. Pyrotechny, | 201 |
| Works of Application, Samples of Minerals, Geological Exercises, Molding, Chemical Compounds, | 202 |
| Practical Instructions on Munitions and Fireworks, | 203 |
| IX. Course of Applied Mechanics, | 205 |
| 1. General Principles, | 205 |
| 2. Motion of Machines, | 205 |
| 3. Resistance of Materials, | 205 |
| 4. Working Machines, | 206 |
| 5. Explanations and Works of Application, | 207 |
| X. Course of Construction, | 208 |
| 1. Elements of Masonry, | 208 |
| 2. Architecture of Military Building, | 209 |
| 3. Resistance of Material, | 210 |
| 4. Hydraulic Construction, | 210 |
| Works of Application, | 215 |
| XI. Course in the German Language, | 214 |
| XII. Programme of Sham Siege, | 217 |
| Preliminary Measures and Lectures, | 217 |
| Composition of the Personnel, | 218 |
| Conferences, | 218 |
| Tracing of the Work, | 219 |
| Memoir and Sketch, | 219 |
| XIII. Course on the Veterinary Art, | 220 |
| Interior of the Horse, | 220 |
| Exterior of the Horse | 220 |
| Health of the Horse | 220 |
| II. Regimental Artillery and Engineers’ Schools, | 221 |
| 1. Artillery Regimental Schools, | 221 |
| Design, | 221 |
| Staff, | 221 |
| Instruction, | 221 |
| Theoretical—Practical—Special, | 221 |
| 2. Engineer and Regimental Schools, | 223 |
| Staff’s, | 223 |
| Instruction—kinds, | 223 |
| Courses, | 224 |
| 951 III. The Infantry and Cavalry School at St. Cyr, | 225 |
| History and General Description, | 225 |
| Origin, | 225 |
| General Description, | 226 |
| Staff of Government and Instructions, | 228 |
| Buildings, | 229 |
| Daily Routine, | 231 |
| Course of Study, | 235 |
| Examinations, | 238 |
| Co-efficients of Influence, | 238 |
| Classification in Order of Merit, | 239 |
| Choice of Service, | 240 |
| IV. The Cavalry School of Application at Saumur, | 241 |
| Design, | 241 |
| Staff, | 241 |
| Instruction, | 241 |
| Pupils, | 242 |
| Text-books and Recitations, | 243 |
| Veterinary Instructions, | 243 |
| Hippology, | 244 |
| The Model Stud, | 244 |
| Breaking Young Horses, | 244 |
| School of Farriers, | 244 |
| V. The Staff School at Paris, | 245 |
| 1. Duties of the French Staff, | 245 |
| The War Dépot, | 246 |
| The Staff Corps, | 246 |
| 2. Buildings and Establishment, | 248 |
| 3. Staff of Government and Instruction, | 248 |
| 4. Conditions of Admission, | 249 |
| Entrance Examination, | 250 |
| Studies, | 250 |
| Daily Routine, | 251 |
| Examinations, | 253 |
| Co-efficients of Influence, | 253 |
| Examination before Consulting Committee, | 256 |
| VI. The Military Orphan-School at La Fleche, | 257 |
| Juvenile and Privileged School, | 257 |
| Course of Instruction, | 257 |
| Staff of Government and Instruction, | 257 |
| Yearly Charge, | 257 |
| Courses, | 258 |
| Examination, | 258 |
| Inspection, | 258 |
| VII. The School of Musketry at Vincennes, | 259 |
| Origin, | 259 |
| Staff, | 259 |
| Course of Instruction, | 260 |
| VIII. The Military and Naval School of Medicine and Pharmacy, | 261 |
| 1. Military School of Medicine at Paris, | 261 |
| 2. Naval Schools of Medicine at Brest, Toulon, and Rochefort, | 262 |
| IX. The Naval School at Brest, | 263 |
| Examination for Admission, | 263 |
| Course of Instruction, | 264 |
| X. The Military Gymnastic School at Vincennes, | 265 |
| 1. Elementary Gymnastics, | 265 |
| Classification, | 265 |
| Spirit and Method of Teaching, | 266 |
| 952 Learning to March, | 266 |
| Gymnastic Chain, | 266 |
| Pyrrhic Exercise, | 267 |
| Equilibrium: Wrestling, | 268 |
| Traction, | 268 |
| 2. Applied Gymnastics, | 269 |
| Leaping, | 270 |
| Climbing, | 271 |
| Swimming, | 271 |
| Escalading, | 272 |
| Carrying Weights, | 272 |
| XI. Remarks on the Military Education of France, | 273 |
| 1. Officers must be regularly Trained, or have seen Service, | 273 |
| 2. Junior Military Schools, | 273 |
| 3. Professional Education at St. Cyr, | 273 |
| 4. Staff School, | 273 |
| 5. Officers of Artillery and Engineers, | 274 |
| 6. Mathematical bias, | 274 |
| 7. Bourses, | 274 |
| 8. Practical Teaching, | 274 |
| 9. Number of Senior Departments, | 274 |
| REVISED EDITION—1872. | |
| I. French Military Education in 1869, | 274 |
| 1. Increase of professionally educated officers, | 274 |
| 2. Admission to the Military Schools and to the Staff, by competition, | 275 |
| 3. Military Schools under control of Minister of War, | 275 |
| 4. Internal Economy of each School determined by its own Staff, | 275 |
| 5. Military and instructional Staff, distinct but cooperative, | 275 |
| 6. Great care exercised in appointment of professors, | 275 |
| 7. Discipline very strict, | 276 |
| Power of dismissal rests with the Minister of War, | 276 |
| 8. Age of admission, and general education advanced, | 276 |
| Strictly professional instruction does not begin generally till 20, | 276 |
| 9. Military Schools, more and more professional and practical, | 276 |
| 10. Much time given to drawing, military administration and practical exercises, | 277 |
| 11. System of Instruction the same in all the schools, | 277 |
| Active competition the leading feature, | 277 |
| No choice of studies allowed, | 277 |
| 12. Education of French officers concluded before regimental duty begins, | 278 |
| 13. Chief changes since 1856, | 278 |
| Increase of literary subjects in the Polytechnic, | 278 |
| An examination at the end of the first year at Metz, | 278 |
| Advance of age for admission at St. Cyr, | 278 |
| Conversion of La Fleche into a purely civil school, | 278 |
| Increase of students in the Staff School, | 278 |
| II. Expense of Military Schools in 1869, | 278 |
| III. Organization of the Polytechnic School in 1869, | 131 |
| Programme of instruction in 1856, | 47 |
| Annual expenses for 1869, | 132 |
| Changes in course of instruction, | 133 |
| Subjects and course of studies, | 133 |
| Studies involving least difficulty occupy the evenings, | 134 |
Military Education in Prussia and Other German and European States: Parts II., III., IV., V. and VI., of Military Schools and Classes of Special Instruction in the Science and Art of War in different countries. By Henry Barnard, LL.D., late U.S. Commissioner of Education. Pages 277-518.
| Military System and Education in Prussia, | 277 |
| I. Outline of Military System, | 281 |
| 1. The Standing Army, | 281 |
| 2. The National Militia, or First Landwehr, | 282 |
| 3. The Last Reserve, or Landsturm, | 282 |
| Origin of the Landwehr System, | 283 |
| II. Historical View of Military Education, | 284 |
| Basis of the present System is a good General Education, | 284 |
| Origin of the Military Schools in the Wars of the Reformation, | 284 |
| School of Frederick William in 1653, | 284 |
| Military Academy opened in 1765, | 286 |
| Plans of Scharnhorst and Stein in 1807, | 288 |
| Origin and Changes of the Division Schools, | 289 |
| III. Present System of Military Education and Promotion, | 293 |
| Usual Conditions and Course of obtaining a Commission, | 293 |
| 1. A good General Education, | 294 |
| 2. Actual Military Service, | 294 |
| 3. Professional Knowledge by Military Study, | 294 |
| Central and Local Boards of Examination, | 294 |
| Supreme Officer Board of Control, | 295 |
| Classification and cost of Military Schools, | 295 |
| IV. Examinations—general and Professional for a Commission, | 297 |
| 1. Preliminary or Ensign’s Examination, | 297 |
| Who may be Examined, | 298 |
| Time and Mode of Examination, | 298 |
| Results of Examination, how ascertained, | 299 |
| 2. The Second, or Officers’ Examination, | 302 |
| Time and Place, | 302 |
| Preliminary Certificates, | 302 |
| Mode—Oral and Written, | 303 |
| Programme of Studies, on which Examination turns, | 304 |
| V. Military Schools for Preparing Officers, | 310 |
| 1. The Cadet Schools, or Cadet Houses, | 310 |
| Number and Classification, | 310 |
| Junior Cadet House at Berlin, | 312 |
| Senior Cadet House at Berlin, | 312 |
| 2. The Division Schools, | 320 |
| Number and Location, | 320 |
| Professors—Studies—Examinations, | 321 |
| 3. The United Artillery and Engineers’ School at Berlin, | 324 |
| Admission, | 324 |
| Examinations, | 325 |
| Studies, | 326 |
| VI. the Staff School at Berlin, | 329 |
| Entrance Examination, | 330 |
| Course, Method, and Subjects of Instruction, | 331 |
| Final Examination, | 335 |
| Appointment to the Staff Corps, | 336 |
| 954 VII. Elementary Military Schools for Non-commissioned Officers, | 336 |
| 1. Military Orphan-Houses, | 336 |
| A. Military Orphan-House at Potsdam, | 337 |
| B. Military Orphan-House at Annaburg, | 342 |
| 2. The School Division, or Non-Commissioned Officers’ School, | 345 |
| 3. Regimental Schools, | 347 |
| 4. The Noble-School at Liegnitz, | 348 |
| VIII. General Remarks on the System of Military Education in Prussia, | 348 |
| Appendix, | 351 |
| The Artillery and Engineers’ School at Berlin, | 351 |
| Object and Course of Study, | 351 |
| Staff And Authorities, | 351 |
| Superior Authorities, or Curatorium, | 352 |
| Executive Authorities, | 352 |
| Course of Instruction, | 357 |
| A. General Course, | 357 |
| B. Instruction in Detail, | 358 |
| Financial Matters, | 365 |
| Programmes of Principal Subjects Taught, | 367 |
| 1. Artillery, | 367 |
| Preliminary Instruction:—a. Mathematics; b. Physics; c. Chemistry; d. Tactics; e. Fortification; f. Veterinary Art, | 367 |
| A. First Cœtus, | 368 |
| 1. Arms, | 368 |
| 2. Gunpowder, | 368 |
| 3. Cannon, | 368 |
| 4. Gun-Carriages, | 368 |
| 5. Military Combustibles, | 368 |
| 6. Movement of Cannon, | 368 |
| 7. Firing, | 368 |
| 8. Small and Side-Arms, | 368 |
| B. Second Cœtus, | 369 |
| 1. Organization of Artillery, | 369 |
| 2. Use in the field, | 369 |
| 3. Use in the Siege, | 369 |
| a. For Attack; b. For Defense, | 369 |
| C. Third Cœtus, | 369 |
| 1. Organization of Artillery Service, | 370 |
| 2. Artillery regarded as an Arm, | 370 |
| 3. Artillery in Technical and Administrative point of view, | 370 |
| 4. Progress and Literature of Artillery, | 371 |
| D. General Distribution of Time for each Cœtus, | 371 |
| 2. General and Special Engineering in the First and Second Cœtus, | 373 |
| A. First Cœtus | 373 |
| a. In Field Fortification; b. in Permanent Fortification, | 373 |
| B. Second Cœtus, | 374 |
| The Applied Arts in Attack and Defense, &c., | 374 |
| 3. Exclusive Engineering in the Third Cœtus, | 375 |
| 1. Application of Rules to Regular Fortresses, | 375 |
| 2. Theory of Constructions, Materials, Modes of Building, | 375 |
| 4. Hydraulic Construction in the Third Cœtus, | 377 |
| 1. General Principles of Hydraulic Architecture, | 377 |
| 2. Internal Navigation, Harbors, Bridges, &c., | 378 |
| 5. Tactics. Construction of Cannon, | 378 |
| 6. Mathematics, | 380 |
| A. First Cœtus—Arithmetic, Algebra, Plane Geometry, Plane Trigonometry, | 381 |
| B. Second Cœtus—Geometry of Solids, Solid Trigonometry, Projection, Conic Sections, | 382 |
| C. Statics, Geostatics, Hydrostatics, | 382 |
| D. Dynamics and Hydraulics, | 382 |
| 955 7. Practical Artillery Exercises, | 384 |
| 1. First Cœtus, | 385 |
| A. Visits—a. Foundry and the Boring-Machine; b. Examination of Ordnance, Carriages, &c.; c. Workshops, | 385 |
| B. Exercises—a. Small-Arms; b. Management of Machines, | 386 |
| 2. Second Cœtus, | 386 |
| Tracing Batteries; Placing Ordnance; Ordnance Carriages and Wagons; Sieges, | 387 |
| 3. First and Second Cœtus, | 388 |
| Proof of Powder; Artillery Practice; Laboratory, | 389 |
| 4. Third Cœtus, | 390 |
| Visit to and practice in Workshops; Iron Foundry; Boring-Machine, | 390 |
| Ammunition; Cannon; Gun-Carriages; Rules of placing Guns; Sham Siege, | 391 |
| 8. Practical Exercises in Fortification, | 392 |
| The War Or Staff School at Berlin, | 395 |
| 1. Objects and Plan; 2. Instruction; 3. Professors and Students, | 397 |
| REVISED EDITION—1872. | |
| I. Prussian Staff in 1869, | 399 |
| 1. Peace establishment. 2. War establishment, | 399 |
| Staff at head-quarters of each army corps, | 399 |
| General Staff at Berlin—Sectional work, | 400 |
| II. Prussian Military Education in 1869, | 403 |
| 1. Changes since 1856, | 403 |
| 2. General education more and more the basis of professional studies, | 404 |
| 3. Theory of military perfection attended to after practice, | 404 |
| 4. Military examinations made to advance civil education, | 405 |
| 5. Liberal education encouraged in officers, | 405 |
| 6. General management of all military education vested in a single officer, | 405 |
| Assisted by Board of Studies and Board of Examination, | 405 |
| 7. The heads of each school supreme in discipline, | 405 |
| 8. Educational experience valued in the head of a school, | 405 |
| 9. Competition not very extensively recognized, | 406 |
| Its place supplied by personal knowledge of each individual, | 406 |
| 10. Great care bestowed on the methods of instruction, | 406 |
| III. AUSTRIA. | |
| Military System and Instruction in Austria, | 409 |
| I. Outline of Military System, | 409 |
| Mode of recruiting—period of service, | 409 |
| Officers—non-commissioned—commissioned, | 410 |
| Training—payment, | 410 |
| II. System of Military Education, | 410 |
| Center of Administration—Fourth Section of War Department, | 410 |
| Annual appropriations in 1856, and 1871, | 411, 464 |
| Imperial Institutions of Military Education, | 410 |
| A. Schools for non-commissioned Officers, | 411 |
| 1. Lower Military Houses, | 420 |
| 2. Upper Military Houses, | 422 |
| 3. School Companies and School Squadrons, | 424 |
| Frontier—Artillery—Engineer—Flotilla, | 426 |
| B. Schools for Officers, | 429 |
| 1. Cadet Institutions, | 429 |
| 2. Military Academies, | 431 |
| Neustadt Academy for Infantry and Cavalry, | 433 |
| Artillery and Engineering Academy, | 434 |
| 3. Marine Academy, | 435 |
| 956 C. Special Military Schools | 436 |
| 1. Normal School for Military Teachers | 436 |
| 2. United Higher Course for Artillery and Engineers | 437 |
| 3. Staff and Adjutant School | 439 |
| Supreme Control of each class of Schools | 441 |
| III. Peculiarities of Austrian Military Education in 1856 | 453 |
| IV. Staff School at Vienna | 447 |
| 1. General Staff of Austrian Army | 447 |
| 2. Admission—Specimens of questions put | 448 |
| 3. Subjects and Course of Instruction | 449 |
| 4. Austrian Staff in 1868 | 462 |
| V. Reorganization of Military Education in 1868 | 453 |
| VI. Cavalry Brigade School for Officers | 463 |
| IV. BAVARIA, SAXONY, HOLLAND, &c. | |
| Military System and Schools in Bavaria | 465 |
| I. Military System | 467 |
| II. Military Education | 468 |
| 1. Cadet Corps | 468 |
| 2. War School | 469 |
| 3. Artillery and Engineer School | 471 |
| 4. Staff Academy | 472 |
| Military Instruction in Saxony | 471 |
| Royal Military Academy at Dresden | 471 |
| Military System and Education in Holland | 475 |
| I. Military System | 475 |
| II. Military Education | 476 |
| 1. Military Academy at Breda | 477 |
| 2. Naval Academy and Navigation Schools | 478 |
| V. ITALY. | |
| Military System and Schools in Italy | 479 |
| I. Military System in Kingdom of Italy | 481 |
| II. Military Education in the Kingdom of Sardinia | 483 |
| General characteristics | 483 |
| 1. Military Academy at Turin | 486 |
| 2. Artillery and Engineer School | 489 |
| 3. Staff School and Staff Corps | 492 |
| 4. Regimental Schools | 494 |
| 5. School of Artillery at the Arsenal | 498 |
| III. Modifications since the Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy | 499 |
| VI. RUSSIA | |
| Military System and Schools in Russia | 501 |
| I. Military System | 503 |
| II. Military Schools | 504 |
| 1. Schools under Board of Military Instruction | 504 |
| 2. Schools under Ministry of War | 504 |
| Imperial Staff School at St. Petersburg | 505 |
| VII. NORWAY, SWEDEN, AND DENMARK. | |
| Military System and Schools | 515 |
| 1. Sweden | 517 |
| 2. Norway | 519 |
| 3. Denmark | 520 |
| 957 VIII. GREAT BRITAIN. | |
| Military System and Education | 519-686 |
| Historical Notice | 521 |
| Organization and Institutions in 1871 | 535 |
| I. Council of Military Education | 535 |
| 1. Historical Notice | 535 |
| Organization and Duties in 1869 | 537 |
| Military Schools and Examinations | 539 |
| Army Schools, Regimental Libraries and Reading-rooms | 540 |
| 2. Examinations for Commissions and Promotions | 541 |
| (1.) Examination for Direct Commissions | 541 |
| Regulations in 1869 | 544 |
| (2.) Public School Education as preparatory for Examination | 543 |
| (3.) Examinations for Promotions | 550 |
| (4.) Results of Examinations | 555 |
| (5.) Expenses of the Council | 555 |
| (6.) List of Examiners employed | 555 |
| 3. Military, Orphan, and Soldiers Schools | 557 |
| II. Royal Military College at Sandhurst | 559 |
| 1. Historical Notice | 559 |
| Junior and Senior Departments | 560 |
| Inquiry and condition in 1855 | 563 |
| Junior Department changed to a College | 566 |
| Queen’s Cadetships—Proposed enlargement in 1860 | 566 |
| Free Commissions opened to Competition | 570 |
| Attendance—Staff—Expense | 574 |
| 2. Queen’s and Indian Cadetships | 575 |
| 3. Regulations for Admission, etc. | 577 |
| Subjects and Marks—Value of Entrance Examinations | 577 |
| Value of University Examinations | 578 |
| Preliminary Provisions—Payments | 579 |
| Discipline—Termination of Course | 580 |
| Compassionate Allowance | 581 |
| Subjects and their Marks—Value in Final examination | 581 |
| 4. Subjects and Course of Instruction | 582 |
| 5. Results of Competitive Examination | 584 |
| III. Royal Military Academy for the Scientific Corps at Woolwich | 585 |
| 1. Historical Notice | 585 |
| 2. Regulations for Admission | 586 |
| Open Competition to the Artillery and Engineers established | 588 |
| Subjects and their Marks—Value in Entrance Examinations | 589 |
| Length of Course—Scale of Payments | 590 |
| 3. Course of Study | 591 |
| 4. School Preparation for Woolwich Examinations | 592 |
| IV. Royal School of Military Engineering at Chatham | 595 |
| 1. Origin and Object of the Institution | 595 |
| 2. Organization for Instruction | 595 |
| 3. Nature and Length of Practical Courses | 596 |
| (1.) Survey Course—Astronomical Observations | 596 |
| (2.) Course of Construction and Estimating | 598 |
| (3.) Field-work Course | 600 |
| Modeling in Sand | 601 |
| Siege Works | 601 |
| Works of Defence | 601 |
| Mining | 601 |
| Bridging | 601 |
| Railways | 601 |
| Boring for Water | 601 |
| Drawing Projects of Attack, Construction | 602 |
| 958 (4.) Miscellaneous Subjects | 602 |
| Course of Telegraphy | 602 |
| Chemical Laboratory course | 602 |
| Photography | 603 |
| Lectures on Engineering and Professional Subjects | 603 |
| Demolitions—Submarine Mines | 603 |
| V. Professional Instruction of Officers | 605 |
| Historical Notice | 605 |
| 1. Survey Class at Aldershot | 611 |
| 2. Advanced Class of Artillery Officers at Woolwich | 613 |
| 3. School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness | 616 |
| VI. Staff College and Staff Appointments | 619 |
| Historical Notice | 619 |
| 1. Staff College at Sandhurst | 620 |
| Admissions—Course of Instruction | 620 |
| 2. Examinations for Staff Appointments | 623 |
| VII. Schools of Musketry and Rifle Corps | 625 |
| 1. School of Musketry | 625 |
| 2. Rifle Corps—Volunteer Force and Practice | 626 |
| 3. Corps Manœuvering | 626 |
| VIII. Naval and Navigation Schools | 627 |
| 1. Naval Schools for Officers | 627 |
| (1.) Old System of Training Officers | 627 |
| (2.) Royal Naval Academy | 628 |
| (3.) Training Ship Britannia | 629 |
| (4.) Gunnery Instruction | 629 |
| (5.) Steam and Steam Engine | 629 |
| (6.) Naval Cadets and Midshipmen | 630 |
| 2. Marine Artillery | 632 |
| 3. Schools for Warrant Officers and Seamen | 634 |
| (1.) Seamen’s Schoolmasters | 634 |
| (2.) Schools on board of Ships in Harbor | 635 |
| (3.) Royal Marine Schools | 636 |
| (4.) Dockyard Schools | 637 |
| (5.) Greenwich Hospital Schools | 639 |
| 4. Schools for Mercantile Marine | 639 |
| (1.) Historical Notice of Navigation Schools | 639 |
| (2.) London Navigation School | 640 |
| (3.) Number of Seamen required in the British Service | 643 |
| (4.) Subjects of Instruction | 644 |
| (5.) Teachers and their Assistants | 646 |
| (6.) Instruction and Government Aid | 647 |
| 5. College of Naval Architecture in London | 650 |
| 6. Present Condition of Naval Education | 651 |
| IX. Appendix.—French and German Naval Schools | 653 |
| I. French Naval and Navigation Schools | 657 |
| 1. Nautical School for Orphans of Sailors | 659 |
| 2. School Ships for Practical Instruction | 662 |
| 3. Naval Apprentice Schools | 662 |
| 4. Schools for Boatswains | 664 |
| 5. School for Naval Engineers | 667 |
| 6. Naval Drawing Schools | 668 |
| 7. Schools of Navigation | 669 |
| 8. Naval School at Brest—The School Ship Borda—Jean Bart | 672 |
| 9. School of Naval Architecture | 676 |
| 10. Schools of Marine Artillery | 678 |
| II. German Naval and Navigation Schools | 679 |
| 1. Prussia | 681 |
| 2. German Empire | 683 |
| 3. Austria | 685 |
| 959 IX. SWITZERLAND. | |
| Military System and Military Instruction, | 687-713 |
| I. Outline of Military System, | 689 |
| Area—Population—Military Service, | 689 |
| Federal Militia—Elite, Reserve, Levy en masse, | 690 |
| Federal Army—Various Corps, | 691 |
| II. Cadet System, | 693 |
| Helvetic Military Association—Volunteer Corps, | 693 |
| Cantonal Organizations—Juvenile Military Festivals, | 694 |
| Swiss Cadet Feast in 1856, | 695 |
| Sham Fight in 1860, and Zurich Cantonal Festival, | 696 |
| III. Target Shooting of Sharp-Shooters in 1859, | 701 |
| Number of Candidates—Prizes—Public and Religious Services, | 705 |
| IV. Federal Instruction of Officers—Scientific Culture, | 710 |
| X. UNITED STATES. | |
| Military System and Military Education, | 713-940 |
| Regular Army—State Militia—Volunteer Force, | 715 |
| Officers—How Trained and Appointed, | 717 |
| A. Military Education for Land Service, | 719 |
| National, State, Individual, and Corporate Institutions, | 720 |
| I. United States Military Academy at West Point, | 721 |
| 1. Historical Development, | 721 |
| 2. Summary of Instructional Progress, | 751 |
| Condition in 1870-71, | 753 |
| (1.) Government and Organization, | 753 |
| Military Staff—Staff of Instruction, | 753 |
| Professors—Assistant and Acting Assistants, | 754 |
| Academic Board, | 755 |
| (2.) Mode and Conditions of Admission, | 755 |
| (3.) Subjects and Marks—Value of Each Study, | 758 |
| Practical Instruction and Exercises, | 757 |
| (4.) Classification of Cadets for Instruction, | 757 |
| (5.) Methods of Instruction—Recitation—Independent Study, | 758 |
| (6.) Routine of Daily Work, | 759 |
| (7.) System of Estimating Daily Proficiency, | 760 |
| Weekly Class Report—Monthly Record, | 760 |
| (8.) Periodical Examinations—Oral, | 760 |
| Annual Examinations—Board of Visitors, | 761 |
| Classification by Results—mainly from the Daily Record, | 762 |
| Dismissal for want of Proficiency in Studies, | 763 |
| (9.) Graduation—Penalties Attached to Idleness, | 763 |
| Choice of Service determined by standing on the Roll, | 764 |
| Honorable Mention in the Army List, | 765 |
| (10.) Discipline—Punishments—Demerits, | 765 |
| Credit Allowed to Conduct on Final Examination, | 767 |
| (11.) Athletic Sports—Recreation, | 767 |
| (12.) Assimilation of Duties to those of a Regiment, | 768 |
| Officer of the Day—Officer in Charge—Guard—Sentries, | 769 |
| (13.) Academy Buildings, | 770 |
| (14.) Annual Expense—Aggregate—to each Cadet, | 771 |
| 4. Staff of Government and Instruction, Jan. 1, 1872, | 772 |
| 5. Subjects and Synopsis of Course of Instruction, | 773 |
| 6. Regulations for Admission, | 777 |
| Official Exposition of the Aim and Mode of Examination, | 779 |
| 7. Board of Visitors—Annual Report, | 781 |
| Report on Competitive Examinations in 1862, | 784 |
| 8. Discussion of the Subject in Senate, | 809 |
| 960 II. Special Schools of Application | 819 |
| Artillery School at Fortress Monroe | 821 |
| III. Military Element in State Schools | 825 |
| 1. State Military Schools | 825 |
| 2. Military Tactics in State Science Colleges | 827 |
| IV. Individual and Corporate Military Schools | 831 |
| Capt. Alden Partridge | 833 |
| Memorial adverse to Exclusive Government Schools | 857 |
| Literary and Scientific Institute at Middletown and Norwich | 857 |
| V. Military Exercises in Public Schools | 865 |
| B. United States Naval and Maritime Education | 885 |
| 1. United States Navy and Naval Affairs | 885 |
| Growth and Condition in Ships, Officers, and Men | 887 |
| 2. Steam and Science in their Applications to Navigation | 895 |
| I. United States Naval School at Annapolis | 897 |
| Historical Development | 897 |
| Secretary Bancroft’s Letter, Aug. 7, 1815 | 899 |
| 1. Exposition of its Condition and Needs in 1864 | 901 |
| Organization for Administration and Instruction | 902 |
| Buildings and Material Equipment | 903 |
| Pupils—Entrance Examination | 905 |
| Daily Routine—Study—Recitation—Recreation | 907 |
| Course of Instruction, Examinations, and Merit Roll | 908 |
| Physical Training—Expansion of Chest—Vocal Organs | 915 |
| Domestic and Sanitary Arrangements | 916 |
| Religious Observances and Instruction | 916 |
| Discipline—Offenses—Demerits—Punishments | 918 |
| Financial Affairs-Cost per Pupil | 919 |
| Graduating Class of 1864—Summer Cruise | 920 |
| 2. Recommendations by Board of Visitors | 921 |
| (1.) Change of Relation and Name from Midshipmen to Cadets | 922 |
| (2.) Change in Mode and Condition of Appointment and Admission | 922 |
| (3.) Practical Test of Aptitude and Constitutional Qualities | 925 |
| (4.) Reorganization of Studies on the Basis of Special Schools, Courses optional after Second Year, and open to Outsiders | 926 |
| (5.) Temporary and Special Courses for Officers on Furlough | 927 |
| (6.) Navigation Schools for Seamen, Mates, and Masters | 927 |
| Not Government Schools, but inspected by National Officers | 928 |
| Evening Classes, Junior and Senior Departments | 928 |
| Local and National, Commercial and Military cooperation | 929 |
| Experience of England and France in Navigation Schools | 929 |
| (7.) Appointment of Council of Naval Education | 930 |
| Constitution of such a Council—in Attainment, Experience | 931 |
| Duties—Useless Character of Existing Board of Visitors | 932 |
| (8.) Inspector of Studies needed | 932 |
| (9.) Appointment of Professors and Assistants | 933 |
| (10.) Greater Publicity given to the Annual Reports | 934 |
| 3. Condition in 1872 | 935 |
| II. School of Naval Construction | 937 |
| III. School of Steam Engineering | 938 |
| IV. Naval Apprentices | 939 |
| V. Instruction in Navigation, and Examinations for Commands | 940 |
| VI. Nautical Reformatory Ships | 940 |
| General Review of Military Systems and Education | 941 |
| Contents of Volume | 947 |
I. OUTLINE OF MILITARY SYSTEM, ...
281
221
Ordnance Carriages and Wagons; Sieges, ...
387
378
III. PECULIARITIES OF AUSTRIAN MILITARY
EDUCATION IN 1856
AUSRTIAN
2. War School ... 469
461
III. MODIFICATIONS SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE KINGDOM
II.
(4.) Miscellaneous Subjects ...
602
number “6” missing or invisible
I. FRENCH NAVAL AND NAVIGATION
SCHOOLS
NAVAGATION
Practical Instruction and Exercises, ...
757
357
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