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Title: Military schools and courses of instruction in the science and art of war
       (Revised Edition)

Author: Henry Barnard

Release Date: December 16, 2013 [EBook #44443]

Language: English

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The second and longer Table of Contents was printed at the end of the volume. There is a supplementary table of contents partway through the France section, covering only the Polytechnic. The relationship between the Tables of Contents (all) and the printed book is casual at best; information may have been accurate for the first edition. Except in the case of apparent typographical error, discrepancies were left as printed.

The section on Switzerland (Part IX) was printed after the section on Great Britain (Part VIII). For this e-text it has been grouped with the smaller countries (Parts III through VIII).

Introduction to Revised Edition
Contents (2 pages)
Introduction
Detailed Table of Contents (12 pages)

In separate files:
I. France
II. Prussia
III. Austria
IV. Bavaria, Holland, Saxony
V. Italy
VI. Russia
VII. Sweden, Norway, Denmark
VIII. Great Britain
IX. Switzerland
X. United States

Typographical errors are shown in the text with mouse-hover popups. Errors are listed again at the end of each section.

Military Schools
and
Courses of Instruction
in the
Science and Art of War,

IN

FRANCE, PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, SARDINIA, ENGLAND, AND THE UNITED STATES.

DRAWN FROM RECENT OFFICIAL REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS.


By HENRY BARNARD, LL.D.


REVISED EDITION.

NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY E. STEIGER,
22 & 24 FRANKFORT STREET.
1872.

3

REVISED EDITION.

The first edition of Military Schools in France and Prussia was issued in 1862, as a number of the American Journal of Education; and subsequently in the same year this portion was printed as Part I. of a comprehensive survey of the whole field of Instruction in the Science and Art of War in different countries. The circumstances under which the publication was begun, are set forth in the Preface to the imperfect edition of 1862. Now that the survey in the serial chapters of the Journal is as complete as the material at the command of the Editor, and the space which he can give to this special subject enable him to make it, the several chapters have been revised and brought together in a single volume, to present the actual condition of this important department of national education in the principal states of Europe, as well as in our own country.

It is due to the late Col. Samuel Colt, the inventor of the Colt Revolver, and the founder of the Colt Patent Fire-Arms Factory—two enterprises which have changed the character and the mode of constructing fire-arms in every country—to state that the information contained in the first edition of this Treatise, was collected and prepared at his request, to assist him in maturing the plan of a School of Mechanical Engineering, which he proposed to establish on his estate at Hartford, and on which, after the breaking out of the War of Secession, he decided to engraft both military drill, and military history, and to give that scientific instruction which every graduate of our national Military and Naval Academies ought to possess. Soon after Col. Colt’s death (Jan. 10, 1862), Mrs. Elizabeth Jarvis Colt, learning what had been done in the direction of her husband’s wishes, authorized the use which has been made, of the material already collected, in the preparation of this treatise, and of the volume already published on Technical Schools in different countries, and of any more which might be collected and prepared at her expense, to illustrate any department of his plan of a scientific school at Hartford.

HENRY BARNARD.

Hartford, Conn., March, 1872.

5

CONTENTS.

PAGE.
Introduction, 3
I. FRANCE.
Outline of Military System, 9
System of Military Instruction, 10
I. Polytechnic School at Paris, 11
1. Subject and Methods of Instruction prescribed for Admission, 13
2. Scientific Course in Lycées and other Schools in reference to, 49
3. History, Management, Studies, Examinations, 55
4. Public Services, Legal and Military, provided for by, 88
5. Programmes of Lectures and Courses of Instruction, 91
II. The Artillery and Engineer School of Application at Metz, 133
III. The Regimental Schools of Practice for Artillery and Engineers, 221
IV. The Infantry and Cavalry School at St. Cyr, 225
V. The Cavalry School of Practice at Saumur, 241
VI. The Staff School at Paris, 245
VII. The Military Orphan School at La Fleche, 257
VIII. The School of Musketry at Vincennes, 259
IX. The Military and Naval Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, 261
X. The Naval School at Brest, 263
XI. The Military Gymnastic School at Vincennes, 265
Remarks on French Military Education, 273
II. PRUSSIA.
Outline of Military System and Military Education, 275
I. Outline of Military System, 281
II. Historical View of Military Education, 284
III. Present System of Military Education and Promotion, 293
IV. Examinations; General and Professional for a Commission, 297
1. Preliminary or Ensign’s Examination, 297
2. Officers’ Examination, 302
V. Military Schools preparatory to the Officers’ Examination, 310
1. The Cadet Schools, or Cadet Houses, 310
2. The Division Schools, 321
3. The United Artillery and Engineers’ School, 325
VI. The School for Staff Officers at Berlin, 330
VII. Elementary Military Schools for Non-commissioned Officers, 329
1. Military Orphan Houses, 339
Orphan-House at Potsdam, 340
Orphan-House at Annaburg, 345
2. The School Division or Non-commissioned Officers’ School, 348
3. Regimental Schools, 350
4. The Noble-School at Liegnitz, 350
VIII. Remarks on the System of Military Education in Prussia, 351
Appendix, 351
The Artillery and Engineer School at Berlin, 353
The Staff School at Berlin, 395
6 III. AUSTRIA.
Military System and Instruction 409-464
I. Schools of non-commissioned officers 411
II. School for officers 429
III. Special Military Schools 436
IV. Staff School at Vienna 447
V. Reorganization of Military Schools in 1868 453
VI. Cavalry Brigade School for officers 463
IV. BAVARIA, SAXONY, HOLLAND.
Military System and Schools of Bavaria 465-480
I. Cadet Corps—War School—Artillery, Engineers, and Staff Schools 467
II. Military Academy at Dresden 471
III. Military Academy at Breda 477
V. ITALY.
Military System and Schools 481-500
I. Military Academy at Turin 483
II. Artillery and Engineer School 489
III. Staff School and Staff Corps 492
IV. Regimental School for officers 494
V. School for Artillery officers 498
VI. Nautical School at Genoa 499
VI. RUSSIA.
Military System and Schools 501-514
I. Imperial Staff School at St. Petersburg 505
VII. SWEDEN, &c.
Military System and Schools 515-516
VIII. GREAT BRITAIN.
Military System and Schools 511-686
I. Council of Military Education 535
II. Royal Military College at Sandhurst 557
III. Royal Military Academy at Woolwich 585
IV. Royal School of Military Engineering at Chatham 595
V. Professional Instruction for officers. 605
1. Survey Class at Aldershot.
2. Advanced Class of Artillery at Woolwich.
3. School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness
VI. Staff College and Staff appointments 619
VII. School of Musketry, and Army Schools 625
VIII. Naval and Navigation Schools 627
IX. English and other Naval Systems and Schools compared 655
1. French Naval and Navigation Schools 659
2. German Naval and Navigation Schools 681
IX. SWITZERLAND.
Military System and Military Instruction 687-714
I. Federal Militia—Cantonal Cadet System—Target Shooting 689
II. Federal Instruction of officers—experience of 1870 710
X. UNITED STATES.
Military System and Schools 713-940
A. Military Education for Land Service 715
I. National Military Academy at West Point 721
II. Special Artillery School at Fortress Monroe 819
III. Military element in State Schools 825
IV. Individual and Corporate Institutions 838
V. Military Drill in Public Schools 865
B. Naval and Navigation Schools 887
I. United States Naval Academy at Annapolis 897
II. School of Naval Construction and Marine Engineering 937
III. Instruction for the Mercantile Marine 939
General Review of Military System and Schools 945

Errata for Table of Contents:

VIII. GREAT BRITAIN.
VIII GREAT BRITAIN.

V. ... 2. Advanced Class of Artillery at Woolwich.
Classs

7

MILITARY SCHOOLS AND EDUCATION.


An account of the Military and Naval Schools of different countries, with special reference to the extension and improvement, among ourselves, of similar institutions and agencies, both national and state, for the special training of officers and men for the exigencies of war, was promised by the Editor in his original announcement of “The American Journal and Library of Education.” Believing that the best preparation for professional and official service of any kind, either of peace or war, is to be made in the thorough culture of all manly qualities, and that all special schools should rest on the basis, and rise naturally out of a general system of education for the whole community, we devoted our first efforts to the fullest exposition of the best principles and methods of elementary instruction, and to improvements in the organization, teaching, and discipline of schools, of different grades, but all designed to give a proportionate culture of all the faculties. We have from time to time introduced the subject of Scientific Schools—or of institutions in which the principles of mathematics, mechanics, physics, and chemistry are thoroughly mastered, and their applications to the more common as well as higher arts of construction, machinery, manufactures, and agriculture, are experimentally taught. In this kind of instruction must we look for the special training of our engineers, both civil and military; and schools of this kind established in every state, should turn out every year a certain number of candidates of suitable age to compete freely in open examinations for admission to a great National School, like the Polytechnic at Paris, or the purely scientific course of the Military Academy at West Point, and then after two years of severe study, and having been found qualified by repeated examinations, semi-annual and final, by a board composed, not of honorary visitors, but of experts in each science, should pass to schools of application or training for the special service for which they have a natural aptitude and particular preparation.

The terrible realities of our present situation as a people—the fact that within a period of twelve months a million of able bodied men have been summoned to arms from the peaceful occupations of the office, the shop, and the field, and are now in hostile array, or in actual conflict, within the limits of the United States, and the no less alarming aspect of the future, arising not only from the delicate position of our own relations with foreign governments, but from the armed interference of the great Military Powers of Europe in the internal affairs of a neighboring republic, have brought up the subject of Military Schools, and Military Education, for consideration and action with an urgency which admits of no delay. Something must and will be done at once. And in reply to numerous letters for information and suggestions, and to enable those who are urging the National, State or Municipal authorities to provide additional facilities for military instruction, or who may propose to establish schools, or engraft on existing schools exercises for this purpose,—to profit by the experience of our own and other countries, in the work of training officers and men for the Art of War, we shall bring together into a single volume, “Papers on Military Education,” which it was our intention to publish in successive numbers of the New Series of the “American Journal of Education.”

8

This volume, as will be seen by the Contents, presents a most comprehensive survey of the Institutions and Courses of Instruction, which the chief nations of Europe have matured from their own experience, and the study of each other’s improvements, to perfect their officers for every department of military and naval service which the exigences of modern warfare require, and at the same time, furnishes valuable hints for the final organization of our entire military establishments, both national and state.

We shall publish in the Part devoted to the United States, an account of the Military Academy at West Point, the Naval Academy at Newport, and other Institutions and Agencies,—State, Associated, and Individual, for Military instruction, now in existence in this country, together with several communications and suggestions which we have received in advocacy of Military Drill and Gymnastic exercises in Schools. We do not object to a moderate amount of this Drill and these exercises, properly regulated as to time and amount, and given by competent teachers. There is much of great practical value in the military element, in respect both to physical training, and moral and mental discipline. But we do not believe in the physical degeneracy, or the lack of military aptitude and spirit of the American people—at least to the extent asserted to exist by many writers on the subject. And we do not believe that any amount of juvenile military drill, any organization of cadet-corps, any amount of rifle or musket practice, or target shooting, valuable as these are, will be an adequate substitute for the severe scientific study, or the special training which a well organized system of military institutions provides for the training of officers both for the army and navy.

Our old and abiding reliance for industrial progress, social well being, internal peace, and security from foreign aggression rests on:—

I. The better Elementary education of the whole people—through better homes and better schools—through homes, such as Christianity establishes and recognizes, and schools, common because cheap enough for the poorest, and good enough for the best,—made better by a more intelligent public conviction of their necessity, and a more general knowledge among adults of the most direct modes of effecting their improvement, and by the joint action of more intelligent parents, better qualified teachers, and more faithful school officers. This first great point must be secured by the more vigorous prosecution of all the agencies and measures now employed for the advancement of public schools, and a more general appreciation of the enormous amount of stolid ignorance and half education, or mis-education which now prevails, even in states where the most attention has been paid to popular education.

II. The establishment of a System of Public High Schools in every state—far more complete than exists at this time, based on the system of Elementary Schools, into which candidates shall gain admission only after having been found qualified in certain studies by an open examination. The studies of this class of schools should be preparatory both in literature and science for what is now the College Course, and for what is now also the requirements in mathematics in the Second Year’s Course at the Military Academy at West Point.

III. A system of Special Schools, either in connection with existing Colleges, or on an independent basis, in which the principles of science shall be taught with special reference to their applications to the Arts of Peace and War. Foremost in this class should stand a National School of Science, organized and conducted on the plan of the Polytechnic School of France, and preparatory to Special Military and Naval Schools.

IV. The Appointment to vacancies, in all higher Public Schools, either among teachers or pupils, and in all departments of the Public Service by Open Competitive Examination.

HENRY BARNARD.

Hartford, Conn., 1862.

949

CONTENTS BY COUNTRY:

France   Prussia   Austria   Bavaria   Italy   Russia
Sweden   Great Britain   Switzerland   United States  

Military Education in France; Part I. of Military Schools and Courses of Instruction in the Science and Art of War in different countries. By Henry Barnard, LL.D., late U.S. Commissioner of Education. Pages 7—276.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.
Military Schools of Special Application in France, 131
I. Artillery and Engineers’ School at Metz, 133
1. History and General Description, 137
First Artillery School in 1679 at Douai, 137
Garrison Schools in 1720, 137
Academy at La Fère in 1756, 137
First Engineer School at Mézières in 1749, 137
School at Metz in 1795, 137
2. Location, Buildings, Barracks, Riding School, 138
3. Staff of Government, 140
3. Staff of Instruction, 141
Superior Council, 141
Instructional Council, 142
Administrative   “ 142
4. Subjects and Methods of Study, 142
Instruction Common to both, 143
Instruction Special to Artillery, 143
Instruction Special to Engineers, 143
Employment of time for First Year, 144
Employment of time for Second Year, 143
5. Examination and Classification, 145
Final Examination, 146
Classification of the Order of Merit, 147
6. Subsequent instruction and Employment, 148
7. Regimental Schools, 150
Appendix, 151
Regulations and Programmes of Instruction, 151
I. Police Regulations, 152
II. Regulations for Estimating the value of Work Executed, 151
III. Programme of Artillery Course, 156
Introduction—1. Effects of Powder, 158
2. Projectiles, 159
3. Motion of Carriages, 160
Second Part—Section 1. Small Army, 161
Section 2. Projectiles and Cannon, 162
Section 3. War and Signal Rockets, 164
Section 4. Carriages, 166
Section 5. Artillery Force, 165
Section 6. Construction of Carriages, 166
Third Part—Effects of Projectiles, 167
Fourth Part—Trace and Construction of Batteries, 168
Fifth Part—Section 1. Organization and Service of Artillery, 179
Section 2. Artillery in the Field, 170
Section 3. Artillery in the Attack and Defense, 170
Section 4. Artillery in the Sham Siege, 174
Recapitulative Tables, 180
950 IV. Course on Military Art and Field Fortification, 181
I. Lectures, 181
1. Historical Notices of the Organization of Armies, 181
2. Tactics, 182
3. Castrametation, 182
4. Field Fortification, 182
5. Military Communications, 184
6. Strategy, 184
II. Works of Application, 184
Recapitulations, 189
V. Permanent Fortifications and Attack and Defense of Places, 190
VI. Course of Topography, 194
1. Topographical Drawing, 194
2. Topographical Surveying, 194
VII. Course of Geodesy and Dialling, 197
1. Special for Engineers, 197
2. Common to Engineers and Artillery, 198
VIII. Course of Sciences applied to Military Arts, 200
1. Geology, 200
2. Working in Iron, 200
3. Application of the Working of Iron, 201
4. Manufacture of Small Arms, 201
5. Manufacture of Ordnance, 201
6. Manufacture of Powder, 201
7. Pyrotechny, 201
Works of Application, Samples of Minerals, Geological Exercises, Molding, Chemical Compounds, 202
Practical Instructions on Munitions and Fireworks, 203
IX. Course of Applied Mechanics, 205
1. General Principles, 205
2. Motion of Machines, 205
3. Resistance of Materials, 205
4. Working Machines, 206
5. Explanations and Works of Application, 207
X. Course of Construction, 208
1. Elements of Masonry, 208
2. Architecture of Military Building, 209
3. Resistance of Material, 210
4. Hydraulic Construction, 210
Works of Application, 215
XI. Course in the German Language, 214
XII. Programme of Sham Siege, 217
Preliminary Measures and Lectures, 217
Composition of the Personnel, 218
Conferences, 218
Tracing of the Work, 219
Memoir and Sketch, 219
XIII. Course on the Veterinary Art, 220
Interior of the Horse, 220
Exterior of the Horse 220
Health of the Horse 220
II. Regimental Artillery and Engineers’ Schools, 221
1. Artillery Regimental Schools, 221
Design, 221
Staff, 221
Instruction, 221
Theoretical—Practical—Special, 221
2. Engineer and Regimental Schools, 223
Staff’s, 223
Instruction—kinds, 223
Courses, 224
951 III. The Infantry and Cavalry School at St. Cyr, 225
History and General Description, 225
Origin, 225
General Description, 226
Staff of Government and Instructions, 228
Buildings, 229
Daily Routine, 231
Course of Study, 235
Examinations, 238
Co-efficients of Influence, 238
Classification in Order of Merit, 239
Choice of Service, 240
IV. The Cavalry School of Application at Saumur, 241
Design, 241
Staff, 241
Instruction, 241
Pupils, 242
Text-books and Recitations, 243
Veterinary Instructions, 243
Hippology, 244
The Model Stud, 244
Breaking Young Horses, 244
School of Farriers, 244
V. The Staff School at Paris, 245
1. Duties of the French Staff, 245
The War Dépot, 246
The Staff Corps, 246
2. Buildings and Establishment, 248
3. Staff of Government and Instruction, 248
4. Conditions of Admission, 249
Entrance Examination, 250
Studies, 250
Daily Routine, 251
Examinations, 253
Co-efficients of Influence, 253
Examination before Consulting Committee, 256
VI. The Military Orphan-School at La Fleche, 257
Juvenile and Privileged School, 257
Course of Instruction, 257
Staff of Government and Instruction, 257
Yearly Charge, 257
Courses, 258
Examination, 258
Inspection, 258
VII. The School of Musketry at Vincennes, 259
Origin, 259
Staff, 259
Course of Instruction, 260
VIII. The Military and Naval School of Medicine and Pharmacy, 261
1. Military School of Medicine at Paris, 261
2. Naval Schools of Medicine at Brest, Toulon, and Rochefort, 262
IX. The Naval School at Brest, 263
Examination for Admission, 263
Course of Instruction, 264
X. The Military Gymnastic School at Vincennes, 265
1. Elementary Gymnastics, 265
Classification, 265
Spirit and Method of Teaching, 266
952 Learning to March, 266
Gymnastic Chain, 266
Pyrrhic Exercise, 267
Equilibrium: Wrestling, 268
Traction, 268
2. Applied Gymnastics, 269
Leaping, 270
Climbing, 271
Swimming, 271
Escalading, 272
Carrying Weights, 272
XI. Remarks on the Military Education of France, 273
1. Officers must be regularly Trained, or have seen Service, 273
2. Junior Military Schools, 273
3. Professional Education at St. Cyr, 273
4. Staff School, 273
5. Officers of Artillery and Engineers, 274
6. Mathematical bias, 274
7. Bourses, 274
8. Practical Teaching, 274
9. Number of Senior Departments, 274
REVISED EDITION—1872.
I. French Military Education in 1869, 274
1. Increase of professionally educated officers, 274
2. Admission to the Military Schools and to the Staff, by competition, 275
3. Military Schools under control of Minister of War, 275
4. Internal Economy of each School determined by its own Staff, 275
5. Military and instructional Staff, distinct but cooperative, 275
6. Great care exercised in appointment of professors, 275
7. Discipline very strict, 276
Power of dismissal rests with the Minister of War, 276
8. Age of admission, and general education advanced, 276
Strictly professional instruction does not begin generally till 20, 276
9. Military Schools, more and more professional and practical, 276
10. Much time given to drawing, military administration and practical exercises, 277
11. System of Instruction the same in all the schools, 277
Active competition the leading feature, 277
No choice of studies allowed, 277
12. Education of French officers concluded before regimental duty begins, 278
13. Chief changes since 1856, 278
Increase of literary subjects in the Polytechnic, 278
An examination at the end of the first year at Metz, 278
Advance of age for admission at St. Cyr, 278
Conversion of La Fleche into a purely civil school, 278
Increase of students in the Staff School, 278
II. Expense of Military Schools in 1869, 278
III. Organization of the Polytechnic School in 1869, 131
Programme of instruction in 1856, 47
Annual expenses for 1869, 132
Changes in course of instruction, 133
Subjects and course of studies, 133
Studies involving least difficulty occupy the evenings, 134
953

Military Education in Prussia and Other German and European States: Parts II., III., IV., V. and VI., of Military Schools and Classes of Special Instruction in the Science and Art of War in different countries. By Henry Barnard, LL.D., late U.S. Commissioner of Education. Pages 277-518.

CONTENTS.

Military System and Education in Prussia, 277
I. Outline of Military System, 281
1. The Standing Army, 281
2. The National Militia, or First Landwehr, 282
3. The Last Reserve, or Landsturm, 282
Origin of the Landwehr System, 283
II. Historical View of Military Education, 284
Basis of the present System is a good General Education, 284
Origin of the Military Schools in the Wars of the Reformation, 284
School of Frederick William in 1653, 284
Military Academy opened in 1765, 286
Plans of Scharnhorst and Stein in 1807, 288
Origin and Changes of the Division Schools, 289
III. Present System of Military Education and Promotion, 293
Usual Conditions and Course of obtaining a Commission, 293
1. A good General Education, 294
2. Actual Military Service, 294
3. Professional Knowledge by Military Study, 294
Central and Local Boards of Examination, 294
Supreme Officer Board of Control, 295
Classification and cost of Military Schools, 295
IV. Examinations—general and Professional for a Commission, 297
1. Preliminary or Ensign’s Examination, 297
Who may be Examined, 298
Time and Mode of Examination, 298
Results of Examination, how ascertained, 299
2. The Second, or Officers’ Examination, 302
Time and Place, 302
Preliminary Certificates, 302
Mode—Oral and Written, 303
Programme of Studies, on which Examination turns, 304
V. Military Schools for Preparing Officers, 310
1. The Cadet Schools, or Cadet Houses, 310
Number and Classification, 310
Junior Cadet House at Berlin, 312
Senior Cadet House at Berlin, 312
2. The Division Schools, 320
Number and Location, 320
Professors—Studies—Examinations, 321
3. The United Artillery and Engineers’ School at Berlin, 324
Admission, 324
Examinations, 325
Studies, 326
VI. the Staff School at Berlin, 329
Entrance Examination, 330
Course, Method, and Subjects of Instruction, 331
Final Examination, 335
Appointment to the Staff Corps, 336
954 VII. Elementary Military Schools for Non-commissioned Officers, 336
1. Military Orphan-Houses, 336
A. Military Orphan-House at Potsdam, 337
B. Military Orphan-House at Annaburg, 342
2. The School Division, or Non-Commissioned Officers’ School, 345
3. Regimental Schools, 347
4. The Noble-School at Liegnitz, 348
VIII. General Remarks on the System of Military Education in Prussia, 348
Appendix, 351
The Artillery and Engineers’ School at Berlin, 351
Object and Course of Study, 351
Staff And Authorities, 351
Superior Authorities, or Curatorium, 352
Executive Authorities, 352
Course of Instruction, 357
A. General Course, 357
B. Instruction in Detail, 358
Financial Matters, 365
Programmes of Principal Subjects Taught, 367
1. Artillery, 367
Preliminary Instruction:—a. Mathematics; b. Physics; c. Chemistry; d. Tactics; e. Fortification; f. Veterinary Art, 367
A. First Cœtus, 368
1. Arms, 368
2. Gunpowder, 368
3. Cannon, 368
4. Gun-Carriages, 368
5. Military Combustibles, 368
6. Movement of Cannon, 368
7. Firing, 368
8. Small and Side-Arms, 368
B. Second Cœtus, 369
1. Organization of Artillery, 369
2. Use in the field, 369
3. Use in the Siege, 369
a. For Attack; b. For Defense, 369
C. Third Cœtus, 369
1. Organization of Artillery Service, 370
2. Artillery regarded as an Arm, 370
3. Artillery in Technical and Administrative point of view, 370
4. Progress and Literature of Artillery, 371
D. General Distribution of Time for each Cœtus, 371
2. General and Special Engineering in the First and Second Cœtus, 373
A. First Cœtus 373
a. In Field Fortification; b. in Permanent Fortification, 373
B. Second Cœtus, 374
The Applied Arts in Attack and Defense, &c., 374
3. Exclusive Engineering in the Third Cœtus, 375
1. Application of Rules to Regular Fortresses, 375
2. Theory of Constructions, Materials, Modes of Building, 375
4. Hydraulic Construction in the Third Cœtus, 377
1. General Principles of Hydraulic Architecture, 377
2. Internal Navigation, Harbors, Bridges, &c., 378
5. Tactics. Construction of Cannon, 378
6. Mathematics, 380
A. First Cœtus—Arithmetic, Algebra, Plane Geometry, Plane Trigonometry, 381
B. Second Cœtus—Geometry of Solids, Solid Trigonometry, Projection, Conic Sections, 382
C. Statics, Geostatics, Hydrostatics, 382
D. Dynamics and Hydraulics, 382
955 7. Practical Artillery Exercises, 384
1. First Cœtus, 385
A. Visits—a. Foundry and the Boring-Machine; b. Examination of Ordnance, Carriages, &c.; c. Workshops, 385
B. Exercises—a. Small-Arms; b. Management of Machines, 386
2. Second Cœtus, 386
Tracing Batteries; Placing Ordnance; Ordnance Carriages and Wagons; Sieges, 387
3. First and Second Cœtus, 388
Proof of Powder; Artillery Practice; Laboratory, 389
4. Third Cœtus, 390
Visit to and practice in Workshops; Iron Foundry; Boring-Machine, 390
Ammunition; Cannon; Gun-Carriages; Rules of placing Guns; Sham Siege, 391
8. Practical Exercises in Fortification, 392
The War Or Staff School at Berlin, 395
1. Objects and Plan; 2. Instruction; 3. Professors and Students, 397
REVISED EDITION—1872.
I. Prussian Staff in 1869, 399
1. Peace establishment. 2. War establishment, 399
Staff at head-quarters of each army corps, 399
General Staff at Berlin—Sectional work, 400
II. Prussian Military Education in 1869, 403
1. Changes since 1856, 403
2. General education more and more the basis of professional studies, 404
3. Theory of military perfection attended to after practice, 404
4. Military examinations made to advance civil education, 405
5. Liberal education encouraged in officers, 405
6. General management of all military education vested in a single officer, 405
Assisted by Board of Studies and Board of Examination, 405
7. The heads of each school supreme in discipline, 405
8. Educational experience valued in the head of a school, 405
9. Competition not very extensively recognized, 406
Its place supplied by personal knowledge of each individual, 406
10. Great care bestowed on the methods of instruction, 406
III. AUSTRIA.
Military System and Instruction in Austria, 409
I. Outline of Military System, 409
Mode of recruiting—period of service, 409
Officers—non-commissioned—commissioned, 410
Training—payment, 410
II. System of Military Education, 410
Center of Administration—Fourth Section of War Department, 410
Annual appropriations in 1856, and 1871, 411, 464
Imperial Institutions of Military Education, 410
A. Schools for non-commissioned Officers, 411
1. Lower Military Houses, 420
2. Upper Military Houses, 422
3. School Companies and School Squadrons, 424
Frontier—Artillery—Engineer—Flotilla, 426
B. Schools for Officers, 429
1. Cadet Institutions, 429
2. Military Academies, 431
Neustadt Academy for Infantry and Cavalry, 433
Artillery and Engineering Academy, 434
3. Marine Academy, 435
956 C. Special Military Schools 436
1. Normal School for Military Teachers 436
2. United Higher Course for Artillery and Engineers 437
3. Staff and Adjutant School 439
Supreme Control of each class of Schools 441
III. Peculiarities of Austrian Military Education in 1856 453
IV. Staff School at Vienna 447
1. General Staff of Austrian Army 447
2. Admission—Specimens of questions put 448
3. Subjects and Course of Instruction 449
4. Austrian Staff in 1868 462
V. Reorganization of Military Education in 1868 453
VI. Cavalry Brigade School for Officers 463
IV. BAVARIA, SAXONY, HOLLAND, &c.
Military System and Schools in Bavaria 465
I. Military System 467
II. Military Education 468
1. Cadet Corps 468
2. War School 469
3. Artillery and Engineer School 471
4. Staff Academy 472
Military Instruction in Saxony 471
Royal Military Academy at Dresden 471
Military System and Education in Holland 475
I. Military System 475
II. Military Education 476
1. Military Academy at Breda 477
2. Naval Academy and Navigation Schools 478
V. ITALY.
Military System and Schools in Italy 479
I. Military System in Kingdom of Italy 481
II. Military Education in the Kingdom of Sardinia 483
General characteristics 483
1. Military Academy at Turin 486
2. Artillery and Engineer School 489
3. Staff School and Staff Corps 492
4. Regimental Schools 494
5. School of Artillery at the Arsenal 498
III. Modifications since the Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy 499
VI. RUSSIA
Military System and Schools in Russia 501
I. Military System 503
II. Military Schools 504
1. Schools under Board of Military Instruction 504
2. Schools under Ministry of War 504
Imperial Staff School at St. Petersburg 505
VII. NORWAY, SWEDEN, AND DENMARK.
Military System and Schools 515
1. Sweden 517
2. Norway 519
3. Denmark 520
957 VIII. GREAT BRITAIN.
Military System and Education 519-686
Historical Notice 521
Organization and Institutions in 1871 535
I. Council of Military Education 535
1. Historical Notice 535
Organization and Duties in 1869 537
Military Schools and Examinations 539
Army Schools, Regimental Libraries and Reading-rooms 540
2. Examinations for Commissions and Promotions 541
(1.) Examination for Direct Commissions 541
Regulations in 1869 544
(2.) Public School Education as preparatory for Examination 543
(3.) Examinations for Promotions 550
(4.) Results of Examinations 555
(5.) Expenses of the Council 555
(6.) List of Examiners employed 555
3. Military, Orphan, and Soldiers Schools 557
II. Royal Military College at Sandhurst 559
1. Historical Notice 559
Junior and Senior Departments 560
Inquiry and condition in 1855 563
Junior Department changed to a College 566
Queen’s Cadetships—Proposed enlargement in 1860 566
Free Commissions opened to Competition 570
Attendance—Staff—Expense 574
2. Queen’s and Indian Cadetships 575
3. Regulations for Admission, etc. 577
Subjects and Marks—Value of Entrance Examinations 577
Value of University Examinations 578
Preliminary Provisions—Payments 579
Discipline—Termination of Course 580
Compassionate Allowance 581
Subjects and their Marks—Value in Final examination 581
4. Subjects and Course of Instruction 582
5. Results of Competitive Examination 584
III. Royal Military Academy for the Scientific Corps at Woolwich 585
1. Historical Notice 585
2. Regulations for Admission 586
Open Competition to the Artillery and Engineers established 588
Subjects and their Marks—Value in Entrance Examinations 589
Length of Course—Scale of Payments 590
3. Course of Study 591
4. School Preparation for Woolwich Examinations 592
IV. Royal School of Military Engineering at Chatham 595
1. Origin and Object of the Institution 595
2. Organization for Instruction 595
3. Nature and Length of Practical Courses 596
(1.) Survey Course—Astronomical Observations 596
(2.) Course of Construction and Estimating 598
(3.) Field-work Course 600
Modeling in Sand 601
Siege Works 601
Works of Defence 601
Mining 601
Bridging 601
Railways 601
Boring for Water 601
Drawing Projects of Attack, Construction 602
958 (4.) Miscellaneous Subjects 602
Course of Telegraphy 602
Chemical Laboratory course 602
Photography 603
Lectures on Engineering and Professional Subjects 603
Demolitions—Submarine Mines 603
V. Professional Instruction of Officers 605
Historical Notice 605
1. Survey Class at Aldershot 611
2. Advanced Class of Artillery Officers at Woolwich 613
3. School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness 616
VI. Staff College and Staff Appointments 619
Historical Notice 619
1. Staff College at Sandhurst 620
Admissions—Course of Instruction 620
2. Examinations for Staff Appointments 623
VII. Schools of Musketry and Rifle Corps 625
1. School of Musketry 625
2. Rifle Corps—Volunteer Force and Practice 626
3. Corps Manœuvering 626
VIII. Naval and Navigation Schools 627
1. Naval Schools for Officers 627
(1.) Old System of Training Officers 627
(2.) Royal Naval Academy 628
(3.) Training Ship Britannia 629
(4.) Gunnery Instruction 629
(5.) Steam and Steam Engine 629
(6.) Naval Cadets and Midshipmen 630
2. Marine Artillery 632
3. Schools for Warrant Officers and Seamen 634
(1.) Seamen’s Schoolmasters 634
(2.) Schools on board of Ships in Harbor 635
(3.) Royal Marine Schools 636
(4.) Dockyard Schools 637
(5.) Greenwich Hospital Schools 639
4. Schools for Mercantile Marine 639
(1.) Historical Notice of Navigation Schools 639
(2.) London Navigation School 640
(3.) Number of Seamen required in the British Service 643
(4.) Subjects of Instruction 644
(5.) Teachers and their Assistants 646
(6.) Instruction and Government Aid 647
5. College of Naval Architecture in London 650
6. Present Condition of Naval Education 651
IX. Appendix.—French and German Naval Schools 653
I. French Naval and Navigation Schools 657
1. Nautical School for Orphans of Sailors 659
2. School Ships for Practical Instruction 662
3. Naval Apprentice Schools 662
4. Schools for Boatswains 664
5. School for Naval Engineers 667
6. Naval Drawing Schools 668
7. Schools of Navigation 669
8. Naval School at Brest—The School Ship Borda—Jean Bart 672
9. School of Naval Architecture 676
10. Schools of Marine Artillery 678
II. German Naval and Navigation Schools 679
1. Prussia 681
2. German Empire 683
3. Austria 685
959 IX. SWITZERLAND.
Military System and Military Instruction, 687-713
I. Outline of Military System, 689
Area—Population—Military Service, 689
Federal Militia—Elite, Reserve, Levy en masse, 690
Federal Army—Various Corps, 691
II. Cadet System, 693
Helvetic Military Association—Volunteer Corps, 693
Cantonal Organizations—Juvenile Military Festivals, 694
Swiss Cadet Feast in 1856, 695
Sham Fight in 1860, and Zurich Cantonal Festival, 696
III. Target Shooting of Sharp-Shooters in 1859, 701
Number of Candidates—Prizes—Public and Religious Services, 705
IV. Federal Instruction of Officers—Scientific Culture, 710
X. UNITED STATES.
Military System and Military Education, 713-940
Regular Army—State Militia—Volunteer Force, 715
Officers—How Trained and Appointed, 717
A. Military Education for Land Service, 719
National, State, Individual, and Corporate Institutions, 720
I. United States Military Academy at West Point, 721
1. Historical Development, 721
2. Summary of Instructional Progress, 751
Condition in 1870-71, 753
(1.) Government and Organization, 753
Military Staff—Staff of Instruction, 753
Professors—Assistant and Acting Assistants, 754
Academic Board, 755
(2.) Mode and Conditions of Admission, 755
(3.) Subjects and Marks—Value of Each Study, 758
Practical Instruction and Exercises, 757
(4.) Classification of Cadets for Instruction, 757
(5.) Methods of Instruction—Recitation—Independent Study, 758
(6.) Routine of Daily Work, 759
(7.) System of Estimating Daily Proficiency, 760
Weekly Class Report—Monthly Record, 760
(8.) Periodical Examinations—Oral, 760
Annual Examinations—Board of Visitors, 761
Classification by Results—mainly from the Daily Record, 762
Dismissal for want of Proficiency in Studies, 763
(9.) Graduation—Penalties Attached to Idleness, 763
Choice of Service determined by standing on the Roll, 764
Honorable Mention in the Army List, 765
(10.) Discipline—Punishments—Demerits, 765
Credit Allowed to Conduct on Final Examination, 767
(11.) Athletic Sports—Recreation, 767
(12.) Assimilation of Duties to those of a Regiment, 768
Officer of the Day—Officer in Charge—Guard—Sentries, 769
(13.) Academy Buildings, 770
(14.) Annual Expense—Aggregate—to each Cadet, 771
4. Staff of Government and Instruction, Jan. 1, 1872, 772
5. Subjects and Synopsis of Course of Instruction, 773
6. Regulations for Admission, 777
Official Exposition of the Aim and Mode of Examination, 779
7. Board of Visitors—Annual Report, 781
Report on Competitive Examinations in 1862, 784
8. Discussion of the Subject in Senate, 809
960 II. Special Schools of Application 819
Artillery School at Fortress Monroe 821
III. Military Element in State Schools 825
1. State Military Schools 825
2. Military Tactics in State Science Colleges 827
IV. Individual and Corporate Military Schools 831
Capt. Alden Partridge 833
Memorial adverse to Exclusive Government Schools 857
Literary and Scientific Institute at Middletown and Norwich 857
V. Military Exercises in Public Schools 865
B. United States Naval and Maritime Education 885
1. United States Navy and Naval Affairs 885
Growth and Condition in Ships, Officers, and Men 887
2. Steam and Science in their Applications to Navigation 895
I. United States Naval School at Annapolis 897
Historical Development 897
Secretary Bancroft’s Letter, Aug. 7, 1815 899
1. Exposition of its Condition and Needs in 1864 901
Organization for Administration and Instruction 902
Buildings and Material Equipment 903
Pupils—Entrance Examination 905
Daily Routine—Study—Recitation—Recreation 907
Course of Instruction, Examinations, and Merit Roll 908
Physical Training—Expansion of Chest—Vocal Organs 915
Domestic and Sanitary Arrangements 916
Religious Observances and Instruction 916
Discipline—Offenses—Demerits—Punishments 918
Financial Affairs-Cost per Pupil 919
Graduating Class of 1864—Summer Cruise 920
2. Recommendations by Board of Visitors 921
(1.) Change of Relation and Name from Midshipmen to Cadets 922
(2.) Change in Mode and Condition of Appointment and Admission 922
(3.) Practical Test of Aptitude and Constitutional Qualities 925
(4.) Reorganization of Studies on the Basis of Special Schools, Courses optional after Second Year, and open to Outsiders 926
(5.) Temporary and Special Courses for Officers on Furlough 927
(6.) Navigation Schools for Seamen, Mates, and Masters 927
Not Government Schools, but inspected by National Officers 928
Evening Classes, Junior and Senior Departments 928
Local and National, Commercial and Military cooperation 929
Experience of England and France in Navigation Schools 929
(7.) Appointment of Council of Naval Education 930
Constitution of such a Council—in Attainment, Experience 931
Duties—Useless Character of Existing Board of Visitors 932
(8.) Inspector of Studies needed 932
(9.) Appointment of Professors and Assistants 933
(10.) Greater Publicity given to the Annual Reports 934
3. Condition in 1872 935
II. School of Naval Construction 937
III. School of Steam Engineering 938
IV. Naval Apprentices 939
V. Instruction in Navigation, and Examinations for Commands 940
VI. Nautical Reformatory Ships 940
General Review of Military Systems and Education 941
Contents of Volume 947

Errata for Index:

I. OUTLINE OF MILITARY SYSTEM, ... 281
221

Ordnance Carriages and Wagons; Sieges, ... 387
378

III. PECULIARITIES OF AUSTRIAN MILITARY EDUCATION IN 1856
AUSRTIAN

2. War School ... 469
461

III. MODIFICATIONS SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KINGDOM
II.

(4.) Miscellaneous Subjects ... 602
number “6” missing or invisible

I. FRENCH NAVAL AND NAVIGATION SCHOOLS
NAVAGATION

Practical Instruction and Exercises, ... 757
357






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