There are two references to cite the Phoenix criteria: 1) Sanchez-Pinto, Bennett, DeWitt, Russell, et al. (2024); and 2) Schlapbach, Watson, Sorce, Argent, et al. (2024). There are two references to cite for the R package itself: 1) DeWitt et al. (2024) (in press and will be updated soon); and 2) the result of evaluating `citation('phoenix', auto = FALSE)`
Sanchez-Pinto, Nelson L, Bennett, D. T, DeWitt, E. P, Russell, Seth, Rebull, N. M, Martin, Blake, Akech, Samuel, Albers, J. D, Alpern, R. E, Balamuth, Fran, Bembea, Melania, Chisti, Jobayer M, Evans, Idris, Horvat, M. C, Jaramillo-Bustamante, Camilo J, Kissoon, Niranjan, Menon, Kusum, Scott, F. H, Weiss, L. S, Wiens, O. M, Zimmerman, J. J, Argent, C. A, Sorce, R. L, Schlapbach, J. L, Watson, Scott R, Force SoCCMPSDT (2024). “Development and Validation of the Phoenix Criteria for Pediatric Sepsis and Septic Shock.” JAMA, 331(8), 675-686. ISSN 0098-7484, doi:10.1001/jama.2024.0196, Drs Sanchez-Pinto and Bennett contributed equally. Drs DeWitt and Mr Russell contributed equally. Drs Argent, Sorce, Schlapbach, and Watson contributed equally., https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2814296/jama_sanchezpinto_2024_oi_240003_1709591810.56162.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.0196.
Schlapbach, J. L, Watson, Scott R, Sorce, R. L, Argent, C. A, Menon, Kusum, Hall, W. M, Akech, Samuel, Albers, J. D, Alpern, R. E, Balamuth, Fran, Bembea, Melania, Biban, Paolo, Carrol, D. E, Chiotos, Kathleen, Chisti, Jobayer M, DeWitt, E. P, Evans, Idris, de Oliveira F, Cláudio, Horvat, M. C, Inwald, David, Ishimine, Paul, Jaramillo-Bustamante, Camilo J, Levin, Michael, Lodha, Rakesh, Martin, Blake, Nadel, Simon, Nakagawa, Satoshi, Peters, J. M, Randolph, G. A, Ranjit, Suchitra, Rebull, N. M, Russell, Seth, Scott, F. H, de Souza, Carla D, Tissieres, Pierre, Weiss, L. S, Wiens, O. M, Wynn, L. J, Kissoon, Niranjan, Zimmerman, J. J, Sanchez-Pinto, Nelson L, Bennett, D. T, Force SoCCMPSDT (2024). “International Consensus Criteria for Pediatric Sepsis and Septic Shock.” JAMA, 331(8), 665-674. ISSN 0098-7484, doi:10.1001/jama.2024.0179, Drs Schlapbach, Watson, Sorce, and Argent contributed equally. Drs Sanchez-Pinto and Bennett contributed equally., https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2814297/jama_schlapbach_2024_oi_240002_1708641862.24494.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.0179.
Corresponding BibTeX entries:
@Article{,
author = {{Sanchez-Pinto} and L. Nelson and {Bennett} and Tellen D.
and {DeWitt} and Peter E. and {Russell} and {Seth} and {Rebull}
and Margaret N. and {Martin} and {Blake} and {Akech} and {Samuel}
and {Albers} and David J. and {Alpern} and Elizabeth R. and
{Balamuth} and {Fran} and {Bembea} and {Melania} and {Chisti} and
Mohammod Jobayer and {Evans} and {Idris} and {Horvat} and
Christopher M. and {Jaramillo-Bustamante} and Juan Camilo and
{Kissoon} and {Niranjan} and {Menon} and {Kusum} and {Scott} and
Halden F. and {Weiss} and Scott L. and {Wiens} and Matthew O. and
{Zimmerman} and Jerry J. and {Argent} and Andrew C. and {Sorce}
and Lauren R. and {Schlapbach} and Luregn J. and {Watson} and R.
Scott and Society of Critical Care Medicine Pediatric Sepsis
Definition Task Force},
title = {Development and Validation of the Phoenix Criteria for
Pediatric Sepsis and Septic Shock},
journal = {JAMA},
volume = {331},
number = {8},
pages = {675-686},
year = {2024},
month = {02},
abstract = {The Society of Critical Care Medicine Pediatric Sepsis
Definition Task Force sought to develop and validate new clinical
criteria for pediatric sepsis and septic shock using measures of
organ dysfunction through a data-driven approach.To derive and
validate novel criteria for pediatric sepsis and septic shock
across differently resourced settings.Multicenter, international,
retrospective cohort study in 10 health systems in the US,
Colombia, Bangladesh, China, and Kenya, 3 of which were used as
external validation sites. Data were collected from emergency and
inpatient encounters for children (aged \<18 years) from 2010
to 2019: 3 049 699 in the development (including derivation and
internal validation) set and 581 317 in the external validation
set.Stacked regression models to predict mortality in children
with suspected infection were derived and validated using the
best-performing organ dysfunction subscores from 8 existing
scores. The final model was then translated into an integer-based
score used to establish binary criteria for sepsis and septic
shock.The primary outcome for all analyses was in-hospital
mortality. Model- and integer-based score performance measures
included the area under the precision recall curve (AUPRC;
primary) and area under the receiver operating characteristic
curve (AUROC; secondary). For binary criteria, primary
performance measures were positive predictive value and
sensitivity.Among the 172 984 children with suspected infection
in the first 24 hours (development set; 1.2\% mortality), a
4-organ-system model performed best. The integer version of that
model, the Phoenix Sepsis Score, had AUPRCs of 0.23 to 0.38 (95\%
CI range, 0.20-0.39) and AUROCs of 0.71 to 0.92 (95\% CI range,
0.70-0.92) to predict mortality in the validation sets. Using a
Phoenix Sepsis Score of 2 points or higher in children with
suspected infection as criteria for sepsis and sepsis plus 1 or
more cardiovascular point as criteria for septic shock resulted
in a higher positive predictive value and higher or similar
sensitivity compared with the 2005 International Pediatric Sepsis
Consensus Conference (IPSCC) criteria across differently
resourced settings.The novel Phoenix sepsis criteria, which were
derived and validated using data from higher- and lower-resource
settings, had improved performance for the diagnosis of pediatric
sepsis and septic shock compared with the existing IPSCC
criteria.},
issn = {0098-7484},
doi = {10.1001/jama.2024.0196},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.0196},
eprint =
{https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2814296/jama_sanchezpinto_2024_oi_240003_1709591810.56162.pdf},
note = {Drs Sanchez-Pinto and Bennett contributed equally. Drs
DeWitt and Mr Russell contributed equally. Drs Argent, Sorce,
Schlapbach, and Watson contributed equally.},
}
@Article{,
author = {{Schlapbach} and Luregn J. and {Watson} and R. Scott and
{Sorce} and Lauren R. and {Argent} and Andrew C. and {Menon} and
{Kusum} and {Hall} and Mark W. and {Akech} and {Samuel} and
{Albers} and David J. and {Alpern} and Elizabeth R. and
{Balamuth} and {Fran} and {Bembea} and {Melania} and {Biban} and
{Paolo} and {Carrol} and Enitan D. and {Chiotos} and {Kathleen}
and {Chisti} and Mohammod Jobayer and {DeWitt} and Peter E. and
{Evans} and {Idris} and Flauzino {de Oliveira} and {Cláudio} and
{Horvat} and Christopher M. and {Inwald} and {David} and
{Ishimine} and {Paul} and {Jaramillo-Bustamante} and Juan Camilo
and {Levin} and {Michael} and {Lodha} and {Rakesh} and {Martin}
and {Blake} and {Nadel} and {Simon} and {Nakagawa} and {Satoshi}
and {Peters} and Mark J. and {Randolph} and Adrienne G. and
{Ranjit} and {Suchitra} and {Rebull} and Margaret N. and
{Russell} and {Seth} and {Scott} and Halden F. and {de Souza} and
Daniela Carla and {Tissieres} and {Pierre} and {Weiss} and Scott
L. and {Wiens} and Matthew O. and {Wynn} and James L. and
{Kissoon} and {Niranjan} and {Zimmerman} and Jerry J. and
{Sanchez-Pinto} and L. Nelson and {Bennett} and Tellen D. and
Society of Critical Care Medicine Pediatric Sepsis Definition
Task Force},
title = {International Consensus Criteria for Pediatric Sepsis and
Septic Shock},
journal = {JAMA},
volume = {331},
number = {8},
pages = {665-674},
year = {2024},
month = {02},
abstract = {Sepsis is a leading cause of death among children
worldwide. Current pediatric-specific criteria for sepsis were
published in 2005 based on expert opinion. In 2016, the Third
International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock
(Sepsis-3) defined sepsis as life-threatening organ dysfunction
caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, but it
excluded children.To update and evaluate criteria for sepsis and
septic shock in children.The Society of Critical Care Medicine
(SCCM) convened a task force of 35 pediatric experts in critical
care, emergency medicine, infectious diseases, general
pediatrics, nursing, public health, and neonatology from 6
continents. Using evidence from an international survey,
systematic review and meta-analysis, and a new organ dysfunction
score developed based on more than 3 million electronic health
record encounters from 10 sites on 4 continents, a modified
Delphi consensus process was employed to develop criteria.Based
on survey data, most pediatric clinicians used sepsis to refer to
infection with life-threatening organ dysfunction, which differed
from prior pediatric sepsis criteria that used systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria, which have poor
predictive properties, and included the redundant term, severe
sepsis. The SCCM task force recommends that sepsis in children be
identified by a Phoenix Sepsis Score of at least 2 points in
children with suspected infection, which indicates potentially
life-threatening dysfunction of the respiratory, cardiovascular,
coagulation, and/or neurological systems. Children with a Phoenix
Sepsis Score of at least 2 points had in-hospital mortality of
7.1\% in higher-resource settings and 28.5\% in lower-resource
settings, more than 8 times that of children with suspected
infection not meeting these criteria. Mortality was higher in
children who had organ dysfunction in at least 1 of
4—respiratory, cardiovascular, coagulation, and/or
neurological—organ systems that was not the primary site of
infection. Septic shock was defined as children with sepsis who
had cardiovascular dysfunction, indicated by at least 1
cardiovascular point in the Phoenix Sepsis Score, which included
severe hypotension for age, blood lactate exceeding 5 mmol/L, or
need for vasoactive medication. Children with septic shock had an
in-hospital mortality rate of 10.8\% and 33.5\% in higher- and
lower-resource settings, respectively.The Phoenix sepsis criteria
for sepsis and septic shock in children were derived and
validated by the international SCCM Pediatric Sepsis Definition
Task Force using a large international database and survey,
systematic review and meta-analysis, and modified Delphi
consensus approach. A Phoenix Sepsis Score of at least 2
identified potentially life-threatening organ dysfunction in
children younger than 18 years with infection, and its use has
the potential to improve clinical care, epidemiological
assessment, and research in pediatric sepsis and septic shock
around the world.},
issn = {0098-7484},
doi = {10.1001/jama.2024.0179},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.0179},
eprint =
{https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2814297/jama_schlapbach_2024_oi_240002_1708641862.24494.pdf},
note = {Drs Schlapbach, Watson, Sorce, and Argent contributed
equally. Drs Sanchez-Pinto and Bennett contributed equally.},
}